28蒸汽机

　　V1：

　　很短，3/4屏

　　p1 综述了蒸汽机用煤效率存在的问题，并且跟现在的automoto使用oil的效率问题做了个对比

　　p2 讲人们原本认为如果提高了蒸汽机的效率，那么就可以节省储煤量，然而一个blabla学者认为这个观点是有问题的。他举了一个例子，在苏格兰有一个在16xx年就注册了专利的蒸汽机，燃煤效率极低。等到watt发明的效率高的蒸汽机问世以后，刚刚开始的时候确实有一段时间储煤量下降速度慢了，然而等到后来大家发现watt的蒸汽机比16xx年的蒸汽机好用太多的时候，就有许多许多的人开始使用watt的机器，这样导致后来苏格兰的储煤量以更快的速度开始下降。然后这个学者也把蒸汽机和现在的燃油引擎效率问题对比了一下。

　　V2:

　　蒸汽机和燃油储量之间的关系

　　传统的观点是提高蒸汽机的销量后，燃油消耗速度会降低。

　　然后第二段举了一个反例，在苏格兰，瓦特的蒸汽机发明出来后一下提高了效率，燃油消耗速度也降低了。但是长此以往，因为蒸汽机效率的提高，使用频次也提高了，所以燃油消耗速度又上升了。

　　V3:

　　第一段说蒸汽机太耗煤了，照这样下去煤矿会被挖空的…就相当于现在的automobile与oil关系差不多。

　　第二段提了个专家，说17世纪有个S先生造出了蒸汽机，然后怎样忘了。。。然后提到了瓦特的蒸汽机，瓦特的确实一开始减缓了储煤量的减少，但后来还是导致了用煤量的攀升。

　　【疑似考古，未确认】

　　蒸汽机用碳

　　【段落大意】

　　第一段：

　　传统观点。机器消耗煤。传统观点认为，蒸汽机或高效蒸汽机的发明能节省煤，就象高效节能汽车的出现能节省汽油一样(Q2)。(The main consumer of fuel (coal) is engine. The traditional view is that the more efficient engines are, the less consumption of coal will be.)

　　第二段：

　　J反驳传统观点，说虽然刚开始更节能的蒸汽机/瓦特蒸汽机的使用减少了煤的使用量，但由于成本下降，鼓励了更多的行业开始使用节能蒸汽机，更多的煤被消耗掉了(Q6)。(A person，however，argues that Watt engine improved the efficiency in some proportion so that the price of engine was lowered by the decrease of the cost. As a result, a larger amount of people came to use engines, which largely increased the consumption of coal instead.)

　　第三段：

　　举例说明。举了Scotland的例子，Scotland采用了瓦特的蒸汽机增加了烧煤的效率，但用煤量反而飙升。

　　【题目】

　　Q1：主旨题Q2：oil 和automobile 说明coal和stream什么关系?/ 作者提到汽车与汽油关系的目的Q3：watt也是考点。

　　Q4：一开始英国人主张什么?

　　Q5：苏格兰的事情说明什么?

　　Q6：文章IMPLY 对多数学家持反对意见的人，例如N，ignore了什么?

　　【参考阅读】

　　The Jevons paradox was first identified by William Stanley Jevons in his 1865 book The Coal Question. Jevons argued that improvements in fuel efficiency tend to increase, rather than decrease, fuel use: "It is a confusion of ideas to suppose that the economical use of fuel is equivalent to diminished consumption. The very contrary is the truth."

　　Jevons observed that England's consumption of coal soared after James Watt introduced his coal-fired steam engine, which greatly improved the efficiency of Thomas Newcomen's earlier design. Watt's innovations made coal a more cost-effective power source, leading to the increased use of the steam engine in a wide range of industries. This in turn increased total coal consumption, even as the amount of coal required for any particular application fell.

　　At that time, many in Britain worried that coal reserves were rapidly dwindling, but some experts advised that increasing efficiency would reduce coal consumption. Jevons argued that this view was incorrect, as further increases in efficiency would tend to increase the use of coal. Hence, increasing efficiency would tend to increase, rather than reduce, the rate at which England's coal deposits were being deplete