六级阅读试题

Section A

Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

Fear can be an effective way to change behavior. One study compared the effects of high-fear and low-fear appeals on changes in altitudes and behaviors related to denial hygiene (再生).One group of subjects was shown awful pictures of 36___ teeth and diseased gums; another group was shown less frightening materials such as plastic teeth, charts, and graphs. Subjects who saw the frightening materials reported more anxiety and a greater 37___ to change the way they took care of their teeth than the low-fear group did.

But were these reactions actually 38___ into better dental hygiene practices? To answer this important question, subjects were called back to the laboratory 09 two 39___ (five days and six weeks after the experiment). They chewed disclosing wafers (牙疾诊断片）that give a red stain to any uncleaned areas of the teeth and thus provided a direct 40___ of how well they were really taking care of their teeth. The result showed that the high-fear appeal did actually result in greater and more 41___ changes in dental hygiene. That is, the subjects 42___ to high-fear warnings brushed their teeth more 43___ than did those who saw low-fear warnings.

However, to be an effective persuasive device it is very important that the message not be too frightening and that people be given 44___ guidelines to help them to reduce the cause of the fear. If this isn’t done, they may reduce their anxiety by denying the message or the 45___ of the communicator. If that happens, it is unlikely that either attitude or behavior change will occur.

注意：此部分试題请在答题卡2上作答。

A) accustomed

B) carefully

C) cautiously

D) concrete

E) credibility

F) decayed

G) desire

H) dimensions

I) eligible

S) exposed

K) indication

L) occasions

M) permanent

N) sensitivity

O) translated

Section B

Direction: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph mare than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

The Street-Level Solution

A) When I was growing up, one of my father’s favorite sayings (borrowed from humorist Will Rogers) was:“It isn't what we don’t know that causes the trouble; it’s what we think we know that just ain’t so,”One of the main insights to be taken from the 100,000 Homes Campaign and its strategy to end chronic homelessness is that，until recently, our society thought it understood the nature of homelessness, but it didn’t.

B) That led to a series of mistaken assumptions about why people become homeless and what they need. Many of the errors in our homelessness policies have stemmed from the conception that the homeless are a homogeneous group. Ifs only in the past 15 years that organizations like Common Ground, and others,have taken a street-level view of the problem 一 distinguishing the “episodically homeless”from the“chronically homeless” in order to understand their needs at an individual level. This is why we can now envisage a different approach 一 and get better results.

C) Most readers expressed support for the effort, although a number were skeptical, and a few utterly dismissive, about the chances of long-term homeless people adapting well to housing. This is to be expected; it’s hard to imagine what we haven’t yet seen. As Niccolo Machiavelli wrote in The Prince, one of the major obstacles in any effort to advance systemic change is the “incredulity of men,” which is to say that people “do not readily believe in new things until they have had a long experience of them.” Most of us have witnessed homeless people on the streets for decades. Few have seen formerly homeless people after they have been housed successfully. We don，t have reference points for that story. So we generalize from what we know 一or think we know.

D) But that can be misleading, even to experts. When I asked Rosanne Haggerty, founder of Common Ground, which currently operates 2,310 units of supportive housing (with 552 more under construction), what had been her biggest surprise in this work, she replied: “Fifteen years ago, 1 would not have believed that people who had been so broken and stuck in homelessness could thrive to the degree that they do in our buildings.” And Becky Kanis, the campaign’s director, commented: “There is this sense in our minds that someone who’s on the streets is almost in their DNA different from someone who has a house. The campaign is creating a first-hand experience for many people that that is really not the case.”

E) One of the startling realizations that I had while researching this column is that anybody could become like a homeless person — all it takes is a traumatic （创伤的）brain injury. A bicycle fall, a car accident, a slip on the ice, or if you5re a soldier, a head wound — and your life could become unrecognizable. James O’Connell, a doctor who has been treating the most vulnerable homeless people on the streets of Boston for 25 years, estimates that 40 percent of the long-term homeless people he’s met had such a brain injury. “For many it was a head injury prior to the time they became homeless,” he said, “They became unpredictable. They’d have mood swings, fits of explosive behavior. They couldn’t hold onto their jobs. Drinking made them feel better. They’d end up the streets.”

F) Once homeless people return to housing, they’re in a much better position to rebuild their lives. But it’s important to note that housing alone is not enough. As with many complex social problems, when you get through the initial crisis, you have another problem to solve which is no less challenging. But it is a better problem.

G) Over the past decade, O’Connell has seen this happen. “I spend half my time on the streets or in the hospital and the other half making house calls to people who lives for years on the streets,” he said, “So from a doctor’s point of view it’s a delightful switch, but it’s not as if putting someone in housing is the answer to addressing all of their problems. It’s the first step.”

H) Once in housing, formerly homeless people can become isolated and lonely. If they’ve lived on the streets for years, they may have acquired a certain standing as well as a sense of pride in their survival skills. Now indoors, those aspects of their identity may be stripped away. Many also experience a profound disorientation at the outset. “If you’re homeless for more than six months, you kind of lose your bearings,” says Haggerty. “Existence becomes not about overcoming homelessness but about finding food, begging, looking for a job to survive another day. The whole process of how you define stability gets reordered.”

I) Many need regular, if not continuous, support with mental health problems, addictions and illnesses and, equally important, assistance in day-to-day challenges of life, reacquainting with family, building relationship with neighbors, finding enjoyable activities or work, managing finances, and learning how to eat healthy food.

J) For some people, the best solution is to live in a communal （集体）residence, with special services. This isn’t available everywhere, however. In Boston, for example, homeless people tend to be scattered in apartments throughout the city.

K) Common Ground’s large residences in New York offer insight into the possibilities for change when homeless people have a rich array of supports. In addition to more traditional social services, residents also make use of communal gardens, classes in things like cooking, yoga, theatre and photography, and job placement. Last year, 188 formerly homeless tenants in four of Common Ground’s residences, found jobs.

L) Because the properties have many services and are well-managed, Haggerty has found post-housing problems to be surprisingly rare. In the past 10 years, there have been only a handful of incidents of quarrels between tenants. There is very little graffiti (涂鸦)or vandalism (破坏).And the turnover is almost negligible. In the Prince George Hotel in New York, which is home to 208 formerly homeless people and 208 low-income tenants, the average length of tenancy is close to seven years. (All residents pay 30 percent of their income for rent; for the formerly homeless, this comes out of their government benefits.) When people move on, it is usually because they’ve found a preferable apartment.

M) “Tenants also want to participate in shaping the public areas of the buildings,” said Haggerty. “They formed a gardening committee. They want a terrace on the roof. Those are things I didn’t count on.” The most common tenant demand? “People always want more storage space — but that’s true of every New Yorker,”she adds. “In many ways, we5re a lot like a normal apartment building. Our tenants look like anyone else.”

N) As I mentioned, homelessness is a catch-all for a variety of problems. A number of readers asked whether the campaign will address family homelessness, which has different causes and requires a different solution. I’ve been following some of the promising ideas emerging to address and prevent family homelessness. Later in 2011，I’ll explore these ideas in a column. For now, I，ll conclude with an update on the 100,000 Homes Campaign. Since Tuesday, New Orleans and a few other communities have reported new results. The current count of people housed is 7,043.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

46.Tenants in Common Ground’s residences all want more room for storage.

47.Homes Campaign provides first-hand proof that the homeless are not what they were once believed to be.

48.Common Ground’s residences are well-managed and by and large peaceful.

49.Housing the homeless is only the first step to solving all their problems.

50.A large percent of the chronically homeless have suffered from brain injury.

51.After being housed many homeless people become confused at first as to how to deal with life off the street.

52.Some people think the best way to help the homeless is to provide them with communal housing.

53.The homeless with health problems should be given regular support in their daily lives.

54.Until recently American society has failed to see what homelessness is all about.

55.Many formerly homeless tenants in New York’s Common Ground’s residences got hired.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

Technology can make us smarter or stupider, and we need to develop a set of principles to guide our everyday behavior and make sure that tech is improving and not hindering our mental processes. One of the big questions being debated today is: What kind of information do we need to have stored in our heads, and what kind can we leave “in the cloud,” to be accessed as necessary?

An increasingly powerful group within education are championing “digital literacy”，In their view, skills beat knowledge, developing “digital literacy”is more important than learning mere content, and all facts are now Google-able and therefore unworthy of committing to memory. But even the most sophisticated digital literacy skills won't help students and workers navigate the world if they don，t have a broad base of knowledge about how the world actually operates. If you focus on the delivery mechanism and not the content, you’re doing kids a disservice.

Indeed, evidence from cognitive science challenges the notion that skills can exist independent of factual knowledge. Data from the last thirty years leads to a conclusion that is not scientifically challengeable: thinking well requires knowing facts, and that’s true not only because you need something to think about. The very processes that teachers care about most — critical thinking processes —— are intimately intertwined （交织）with factual knowledge that is stored in long-term memory.

In other words, just because you can Google the date of Black Tuesday doesn’t mean you understand why the Great Depression happened or how it compares to our recent economic slump. There is no doubt that the students of today, and the workers of tomorrow, will need to innovate, collaborate and evaluate. But such skills can’t be separated from the knowledge that gives rise to them. To innovate, you have to know what came before. To collaborate, you have to contribute knowledge to the joint venture. And to evaluate, you have to compare new information against knowledge you’ve already mastered.

So here’s a principle for thinking in a digital world, in two parts. First，acquire a base of factual knowledge in any domain in which you want to perform well. This base supplies the essential foundation for building skills, and it can’t be outsourced （外包）to a search engine.

Second, take advantage of computers’ invariable memory, but also the brain’s elaborative memory. Computers are great when you want to store information that shouldn’t change. But brains are the superior choice when you want information to change, in interesting and useful ways: to connect up with other facts and ideas, to acquire successive layers of meaning, to steep for a while in your accumulated knowledge and experience and so produce a richer mental brew.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

56.What is the author’s concern about the use the technology?

A)It may leave knowledge “in the cloud”.

B)It may misguide our everyday behavior.

C)It may cause a divide in the circles of education.

D)It may hinder the development of thinking skills ‘

57.What is the view of educators who advocate digital literacy?

A)It helps kids to navigate the virtual world at will.

B)It helps kids to broaden their scope of knowledge.

C)It increase kids, efficiency of acquiring knowledge.

D)It liberates kids from the burden of memorizing facts,

58.What does evidence from cognitive science show?

A)Knowledge is better kept in long-term memory.

B)Critical thinking is based on factual knowledge.

C)Study skills are essential to knowledge acquisition.

D)Critical thinking means challenging existing facts.

59.What does the author think is key to making evaluations?

A)Gathering enough evidence before drawing conclusions.

B)Mastering the basic rules and principles for evaluation.

C)Connecting new information with one’s accumulated knowledge.

D)Understanding both what has happened and why it has happened.

60.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A)To warn against learning through memorizing facts.

B)To promote educational reform in the information age.

C)To explain human brains’ function in storing information.

D)To challenge the prevailing overemphasis on digital literacy.

Passage Two

Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

America’s recent history has been a persistent tilt to the West—of people, ideas, commerce and even political power. California and Texas are the twin poles of the West, but very different ones. For most of the 20th century the home of Silicon Valley and Hollywood has been the brainier and trendier of the two. Texas has trailed behind: its stereotype has been a conservative Christian in cowboy boots. But twins can change places. Is that happening now?

It is easy to find evidence that California is in a panic. At the start of this month the once golden state started paying creditors in 10Us （欠条）.The gap between projected outgoings and income for the current fiscal (财政)year has leapt to a horrible $26 billion. With no sign of a new budget to close this gulf, one credit agency has already downgraded California’s debt. As budgets are cut, universities will let in fewer students, prisoners will be released early and schemes to protect the vulnerable will be rolled back.

By contrast, Texas has coped well with the recession, with an unemployment rate two points below the national average and one of the lowest rates of housing repossession. In part this is because Texan banks, hard hit in the last property bust, did not over-expand this time. Texas also clearly offers a different model, based on small government. It has no state capital-gains or income tax, and a business-friendly and immigrant-tolerant attitude. It is home to more Fortune 500 companies than any other state.

Despite all this, it still seems too early to hand over America’s future to Texas. To begin with, that lean Texan model has its own problems. It has not invested enough in education, and many experts rightly worry about a “lost generation” of mostly Hispanic Texans with insufficient skills for the demands of the knowledge economy.

Second, it has never paid to bet against a state with as many inventive people as California. Even if Hollywood has gone into depression, it still boasts an unequalled array of sunrise industries and the most brisk venture-capital industry on the planet. The state also has an awesome ability to reinvent itself, as it did when its defense industry collapsed at the end of the cold war.

The truth is that both states could learn from each other. Texas still lacks California’s great universities and lags in terms of culture. California could adopt not just Texas’s leaner state, but also its more bipartisan approach to politics. There is no perfect model of government: it is America’s genius to have 50 public-policy laboratories competing to find out what works best.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

61.What does the author say about California and Texas in Paragraph 1?

A)They have been competing for the leading position.

B)California has been superior to Texas in many ways.

C)They are both models of development for other states.

D)Texas’s cowboy culture is less known than California’s.

62.What does the author say about today’s California?

A) Its debts are pushing it into bankruptcy.

B) Its budgets have been cut by $26 billion.

C) It is faced with a serious financial crisis.

D) It is trying hard to protect the vulnerable.

63.In what way is Texas different from California?

A) It practices small government.

B) It is home to traditional industries.

C)It has a large Hispanic population.

D) It has an enviable welfare system.

64.What problem is Texas confronted with?

A)Its Hispanic population is mostly illiterate.

B)Its sunrise industries are shrinking rapidly.

C)Its education cannot meet the needs of the knowledge economy.

D)Its immigrants have a hard time adapting to its cowboy culture.

65.What do we learn about American politics from the passage?

A)Each state has its own way of governing.

B)Most states favor a bipartisan approach.

C)Parties collaborate in drawing public policies.

D)All states believe in government for the people.

六级阅读答案

36-40 F G O L K

41-45 D J B I E

46-50 M D L G E

51-55 H J I A K

56-60 D D B C D

61-65 B C A C A

六级阅读解析

36.【解析】F。空格前是of所有格，空格后是名词teeth，可知此空需填入一个形容词。再由空格后并列连词and连接的词组diseased gums，可知此空填入的词构成-----teeth和diseased gums意思应当接近，形容词中只有F)decayed变坏的，腐烂的和diseased (患病的，坏的）意思接近，故本题选F。

37.【解析】G。空格前是a greater可知此空需要填入一个单数名词。再由a greater前的more anxiety and 以及空格后的to,可知此空填入的单数名词在意义上和anxiety接近，且能和to连接。anxiety to do sth.表示渴望做某事，所以此空填入的词也应当是表示渴望的意思，选项中的名词只有desire有这个意思，故本题选G。

38.【解析】O。空格前为副词actually，空格后为介词into，且由本句开头的were可知，此空需要填入-ed 形式的动词，选项中有A) accustomed使自己等习惯于某事物，J) exposed显露，揭露，O) translated翻译，转化。accustomed和exposed只能和介词to搭配，不能和into搭配，故本题选O，translate into表示“把……用另一种形式表现出来，把……转化成”。

39.【解析】L。空格前为数词two，分析句子结构，本句结构完整，on two------是作本句的状语，所以此空需填入一个复数名词。选项中复数名词有H) dimensions (空间的）任何一种量度（宽度、长度等),大小，体积，方面和L) occasions场合，机会，特殊事件。根据本句意思“为了寻找这个关键问题的答案， 他们让应试者两返回实验室（实验结束五天后和六周后）”。occasions符合本句的意思，故选L。

40.【解析】K。空格前为a direct，空格后为介词of，可知此空需要填入一个单数名词。根据本句意思“应试者们仔细地端详着自己的牙疾诊断片，为了直观地-----应试者对自己牙齿的保护程度，口腔中所有不千净的地方都被标记成了红色。”做标记是为了更好地展示出来，故选项中只有indication (指示， 表示某种意思的言语、记号等）符合文意，故选K。

41.【解析】D。空格前为greaterand more，空后为名词changes，所以此空需填入一个形容词，且和greater在含义上要想符合。根据本句意思“结果显示，那些令人生畏的照片更能显著和-----有效地促使人们改善口腔卫生环境。”选项中的形容词只有D) concrete明确的，具体的符合本句的意思，故本 题选D。

42.【解析】J。空格前为名词the subjects,空格后为介词to，所以此空需要填入一个形容词或动词。再分析句子结构，这个分句中是省略了关系词的to high-fear warnings作the subjects的后置定语，而这个定语从句中缺少谓语，故本空需填入一个动词，再根据本句的时态，这是在讲述过去的行为动 作对现在造成的结果，动作发生在过去，故填入动词的过去时态，选项中动词有A) accustomed使自己等习惯于某事物和J) exposed显露，揭露。根据本句意思“因为，相较于温和的试验材料，令人生畏的照片之后的人们开始更加------刷牙。”故只有exposed符合本句的意思，本题选J。

43.【解析】B。由此处的more...than为形容词或副词的比较级标志词，可知此空应填入形容词或副词的 原级，在根据本句的结构，more...than是修饰brushed their teeth这一动作，所以此空需填入副词。选 项中有B) carefully小心地，谨慎地，C) cautiously小心地，谨慎地。这两个词意思比较相近，但也有区别，carefully着重行为的谨慎，指为了避免出差错或受伤以及受坏的影响而对某事仔细，行动上小 心；cautiously指为了提防可能遇到的危险，或为了避免失败而提前做周密的打算和安排。本句中是指 brushed their teeth这一行为动作，故carefully更符合文意，本题选B。

44.【解析】I。空格后为名词guidelines，所以此空需填入一个形容词。选项中有A) accustomed通常的，习惯于……的，I) eligible合格的，合宜的，M) permanent长久的。根据本句意思“然而，要想使试验 更具说服力，所看内容不能令人感到过于恐惧并且人们需要给予指导以帮助他们减少恐惧诱因将是至 关重要的。”只有eligible符合本句的意思，故本题选I。

45.【解析】E。空格前定冠词the，空格后为ofthe communicator，所以此空需填入一个名词。选项中的 名词有D) concrete混凝土，E) credibility可信性，信用，H) dimensions空间的任何一种量度（宽度、长度等），大小，体积，方面，N) sensitivity敏感性。根据本句意思“否则人们就会通过否定所看内 容或传播者的来消除其恐惧。”故只有credibility符合本句意思，本题选E。

Section B

【参考翻译】

流落街头的解决办法

A）在我成长的过程中，我父亲最喜欢说的一句话是（借用幽默大师威尔?罗杰斯的话）：“惹麻烦的不是我们的无知，而是我们的自以为是。”【54】“万家活动”及其解决长期无家可归问题的策略提供的一个主要见解是，知道最近，我们的社会还自以为了解无家可归的本质，实则不然。

B）这导致了一系列错误的设想，关于人们为什么变得无家可归以及他们的需求是什么。我们解决无家可归问题的政策有许多错误都根植于无家可归者属于同类群体的设想。只在过去的十五年才有诸如“共同家园”这样的组织和其他机构采取街头视角来看问题——把“短期无家可归者”和“长期无家可归者”做区分，以便了解他们在个体层面上的不同需求。这就是为什么我们现在可以设想一种不同的处理方式一-并且效果更好。

C）大部分读者表示支持这一举措，尽管一些人怀疑长期的无家可归者是否能很好地适应住房安置，少数人对此则不屑一顾。这 一举措是值得期待的；我们对尚未见过的事物是很难想象的。正如尼古拉?马基雅维利在《君主论》中所说的，所有促进体制改变的举措所受到的最大阻力来自于“人们的质疑”，也就是说人们“在长期的接触之后，他们才会真正相信新事物。”我们中的大多数人几十年来都在街上见过无家可归的人。很少有人在无家可归者被成功安置后见过他们。对于这个故事，我们没有参照点。所以我们只能根据我们所知道的——或者我们自以为知道的一一笼统而谈。

D）但是即使对专家来说也可能产生误解。当我问到“共同家园”的开创者罗赞?哈格蒂这项工作令她最吃惊的是什么时，她回 答十五年前，我不会相信那么潦倒落魄 的流浪汉可以在我们的房子里变得这么有生气。”“共同家园”目前运营2310套支持性住房(还有552套在建）。活动主管贝基?卡尼斯说：“我们内心的感知是流落街头的人几乎在本质上与拥有住房的人是不同的。【47】这项活动为很多人创建了第一手的经验，告诉他们事实并不是这样的。”

E）【50】研究这一问题让我最吃惊的一个发现是任何人都有可能沦落为无家可扫者——仅仅一个脑部创伤就可实现。从自行车上掉下来、一次车祸、在冰上摔倒或者如果你是个士兵的话还可以是头部受伤——然后你的生活可能就会变得面目全非。【50】詹姆斯?奥康奈尔医生治疗最弱势的无家可归者已经有25年了,他估计他治疗的长期无家可归者中有40%的人受过类似的脑部创伤，“很多人是在流落街头之前受伤的，”他说，“他们变得无法预测。他们有情绪波动，行为暴躁。他们不能再从事所从事的工作。酗酒能让他们好受些。最后，他们沦落街头。”

F）一旦无家可归的人归于住房，他们就可以更好地重建他们的生活。但是重要的是要注意到只有住房是不够的。就像其他复杂的社会问题，当你度过最初的危机，便会面临另一个问题需要解决，挑战难度并没有丝毫减少。但是，这毕竟是一个更好的问题。

G）过去的十年来，奥康奈尔目睹了这一切。“我一半的时间在街上或者医院里，另一半时间为住在街上多年的人上门看病，”【49】他说，“所以从一个医生的角度看这是一个令人高兴的转变，但是为他们安置住处并不能解决所有的问题。这只是第一步。”

H）【51】一旦被安置，以前无家可归的人会变得孤独。如果他们已经在街上住了多年，他们也许已经获得了某种身份，他们对自己的生存技能也很骄傲。现在在室内，他们的这些特性也许被剥夺了。很多人最初还会非常迷茫。“如果你流离失所超过六个月，你会有些不知所措，”哈格蒂说。“生存不再与克服无家可归问题相关，而是关于寻找食物、乞讨、找到活计去度过另一天。你对安稳的定义要从头到脚重新安排了。”

I）很多人需要定期的帮助，即使不是连续性的，针对精神健康问题、酒瘾和疾病——与之同样重要的是对日常生活问题、重新认识家庭成员、构建邻里关系、寻找愉快的活动或工作、管理财务以及学习如何健康饮食。

J）【52】对有些人来说，最好的解决办法是生活在提供特定服务的集体住所。然而这并不是哪里都有的。例如。在波士顿，无家可归倾向于被安置在全市各地的公寓里。

K）“共同家园”在纽约的大型居住区对于改变的可能性有深刻的理解，那里的无家可归者获得了大量的帮助。除了更多的传统服务，住在那里的人还可以利用公用花园，参加烹饪、瑜伽、戏剧和摄影课程，还有就业安置。【55】去年，“共同家园”的四个居住区中有188名曾经无家可归的居住着找到了工作。

L）【48】因为这些住宅有很多服务，管理得很好，哈格蒂发现安置住房后的问题非常少。过去的十年里，居住者之间的争吵时间很少。几乎没有涂鸦或蓄意破坏。人员流动几乎可以忽略不计。在纽约的乔治王子酒店，住有208名前无家可归者和208名低收入客房，平均居住时间接近7年。（所有居住者的房租支出是收入的30%；对于前无家可归者，这部分支出来自于政府津贴。）人们搬家往往是因为找到了更好的公寓。

M）【46】“房客也想参与公共区域的建设，”哈格蒂说。“他们成立了一个园艺委员会。他们想在屋顶塔建一个平台。这些都是我不曾料想到的。”最普通的房客要求是什么呢？“人们总是想要更多的储存空间——但这也是每个纽约人的需求，”她补充到。“从很多方面看，我们都很像一个正常的公寓。我们的客房和所有其他人看起来一样。”

N）正如我所提到的，无家可归汇集了各种各样的问题。许多读者问这个活动是否会处理家庭式无家可归的问题，这是一个有不同原因引起的需要不同解决办法的问题。我已经关注了一些有希望处理和解决家庭式无家可归问题的想法。2011年末，我将在一个专栏里探讨这些问题。现在，我将用“万家活动”的最新信息来结束。从周二以来，新奥尔良和其他几个社区都报告了最新成果。目前我们安置的无家可归者的数量是7043,。

46.【解析】M)。细节題。根据句中的关键词Tenants和storage可以定位至文章M)段。该段指出房客也 想参与公共区域的建设，人们总是想要更多的储存 空间一一但这也是每个纽约人的需求，我们的房客 和所有其他人看起来一样。根据K)段可知这里的 房客指的是“共同家园”的房客。由此可知居住区 的房客也想要更多的储存空间。句中的more room for storage和文中的more storage space是同义替换， 需要注意的是这里room的意思是“空间”，不是房间。

47.【解析】D。细节题。根据句中的关键词campaign，first-hand和homeless可以定位至文章D)段3该 段最后一句说到，The campaign is creating a first- hand experience for many people that that is really not the case.(这项活动为很多人创建了第一手的经验告诉他们事实并不是这样的。)根据上文，The campaign即指Home Campaign。题干即是对原文 这句话的改写。Homes Campaign provides first-hand proof 对应原文的 The campaign is creating a firsthand experience。

48.【解析】L)。细节题。根据句中的关鍵词well- managed可以定位至文章L)段。本段前三句指出， 因为这些住宅有很多服务，管理得很好，问题非常 少，争吵事件很少，几乎没有涂鸦或蓄意破坏。句 予中的第一个信息“well-managed”可以直接从L) 段第一句得出，第二个信息“by and large peaceful" 是根据L)段第二句到第三句的信息作出的概述。 句中的by and large意思是“大体上，总的来说”。

49.【解析】G)。细节题。根据句中的关键词Housing,和the first step和all their problems可以定位至文 章G)段最后一句。此句是说，所以从一个医生的 角度看这是一个令人高兴的转变，但是为他们安置 住处并不能解决所有问题。这只是第一步。原文中的put someone in housing意思是“给某人提供住处”，与句中的housing是同义替换。原文中用的是someone，根据上下文可知这里是指“homelessness”或者是“the homeless”。句中的solving all their problems与原文中的 addressing all of their problems同义。address在这里的意思是“对付，应付，解决”。

50.【解析】 E)。细节题。根据句中的关键词homeless 和brain injury可以定位至文章fe)段第一句和第三 句P第一句指出，脑部创伤坪能也人沧为无家可归者。第奪句指出，詹姆斯?奥康奈念医生估计他治疗的长期无家可归中有40%的人受过类似的脑部创伤。许多人是在受脑部创伤时流落街头的。由此可知大部分长期无家可归者都受过脑部创伤。句中的the chronically homeless 和原文中的the long-term homeless people是同义替换。

51.【解析】 H)。细节题。根据句中的关键词being housed, become和confused 可以定位至 H)段。该段第一句指出，一旦被安置，以前无家可归的人会变得孤独。本段第四句进一步指出，很多人 最初还会非常迷茫。句中的confused和文中的 disorientation是同义替换，句中的at first和文中的 at the outset是同义替换。

52.【解析】J)。细节题。根据句中的关键词the best way和communal housing可以定位至文章J)段 第一句。该句指出，对有些人来说，最好的解决 办法是生活在提供特定服务的集体住所。句中的 the best way to help the homeless 和文中的the best solution是同义替换，communal housing和文中的a communal residence 是同义替换。

53.【解析】I) 。细节题。拫据句中的关键词health problems和regular support可以定位至文章I)段。 该段指出，很多人需要针对精神健康问题、酒瘛和 疾病的定期帮助。与之同样重要的是对日常生活问 题、重新认识家庭成员、构建邻里关系、寻找愉快 的活动或工作、管理财务以及学习如何健康饮食。 原文中的many其实指的是many homeless people。 原文中的day-to-day和句中的daily意义相同。

54.【解析】A)。细节题。根据句中的关键词Until recently和American society可以定位至文章A）段最后一句。该句指出“万家活动”及其解决长期无家可归问题的策略提供的一个主要见解是，直到最近，我们的社会还自以为了解无家可归的本质，职责不然。原文中的the nature of homeless和句中的what homelessness is all about是同义替换。

55.【解析】K)。细节题。根据句中的关键词formerly homeless tenants, New York 和 Common Ground^ residences可以定位至K)段最后一句。该句指出， 去年，“共同家园”的四个居住区中有188名曾经 无家可归的居住者找到了工作。句中的got hired和 原文的found jobs是同义替换。

Section C

Passage One

【56】科技能让我们更聪明或更笨，我们需要制定一套原则来指导我们的日常行为，确保科技的进步，而且不会妨碍我们的精神发展。【60】今天要讨论的一大问题是：什么样的信息是我们需要存储在头脑中的，什么样的信息使我们应该存储在“云端”的，以便在有必要的时候可以被轻松获取。

【57】教育界有一股越来越强大的力量在拥护“数字文化”。他们认为。技能胜过知识，发展“数字文化”比单纯学习内容更重要，所有事实现在都可以在谷歌查询到，因此，不值得劳神费力去记忆。但是，如果没有了解这个世界如何运转的广泛知识，即使是最精密复杂的数字文化技术也不能帮助学生和工作人员在这个世界上畅游。如果你关注的是数字传递机制而非内容，那么你是在给孩子帮倒忙。

【58】确实，认知科学提供的依据使技术可以独立于事实性知识这一观念受到挑战。根据过去三十年来的数据所得到的结论在科学上是不用质疑的：善于思考需要了解事实，这是真的，不仅仅因为你需要有事实可以思考。老师们关注的过程——批判性思考过程——是与长期存在于记忆中的事实性知识紧密交织的。

换言之，仅仅因为你可以谷歌搜索到黑色星期二的数据并不意味着你理解大萧条为何发生，或者它与我们最近的经济下滑有何不同。【59】毫无疑问，今天的学生和明天的工作者需要创新、合作和评估。但这类技能在提升的同时，不能与知识分离开。要创新，你必须了解以前的事实。要合作，你必须把知识贡献给集体。【59】要评估，你必须把新信息和已经掌握的知识相比较。

所以这是在信息世界里思考的原则，分为两部分。第一，你想在哪里领域表现出色，就去获取那一领域的事实性知识系统。这一知识系统为培养技能提供必不可少的基础，是不能外包给搜索引擎的。

第二，利用电脑的不变存储记忆，但是也要利用大脑的精密思考记忆。当你想要存储不变信息时，电脑是很好的选择。但是当你想要以有趣、有用的方式改变信息时，人脑是更好的选择：关联其他事实和想法，获取连续性的不同层面的含义，在你所积累的知识和经验中沉淀一会儿便结出更丰富的精神果实。

56.【解析】D。细节题。根据题目中的关键词technology以及题目的顺序就是文章段落的顺序原则可以定位至文章第一段。该段第一句指出，科技能让我们更聪明或更愚笨，我们需要制定一套原则来指导我们的曰常行为，确保科技在进步，而且不会妨碍我们的精神发展。由此可知作者担心使用科技有可能会妨碍思考技能的发展。故选D Hinder意为“妨碍”，D选项中用故选D。thinking skills替换了mental processes。

57.【解析】D。推理题。根据题目中的关键词digital literacy和view可以定位至第二段前两句。这两句指出，教育界有一股越来越强大的力量在拥 护“数字文化”。他们认为，技能胜过知识，发展“数字文化”比单纯 学习内容更重要，所有事实现在都可以在谷歌查询到，因此，不值得劳神费力去记忆。由此可推知“数字文化”能让孩子们免于记忆事实的负担，故本题选D。原文中championing意思是“维护，支持”，和题千中的advocate是同义词，commit sth. to memory和选项D中的memorizing是同义替换。选项D中的liberate意思是“解放，释放”。

58.【解析】B。推理题。拫据题目中的关键词evidence from cognitive science可以定位在文章第三段。该段第一句指出，确实，认知科学提 供的依据使技能可以独立于事矣性识这一观念受到挑战。下一句进一步指出，善于思考需要了解事实，由此可推知关键性思考也是基于事实 性的知识上的。故选B。选项B中的be based on意思是“基于”。

59.【解析】C。细节题。根据题干中的关键词making evaluations可以定位至文章第四段第二、三句和最后一句。木过薷要注意的复原文用的是 动词evaluate。文章中指出，毫无疑问，今天的学生和明天的工作者需要创新、合作和评估。但这类技能在提升的同时，不能与知识分离开。要评估，你必须把新信息和已经掌握的知识相比较。原文用的是定语从句you’ve already mastered来修饰knowledge，选项C中用的是分词形式accumulated。原文中用的是compare (作对比），选项C中是用的connect (联系），意义接近。故选C。

Passage Two

60.【解析】D。主旨题。本文第一段第二句就指出了文章讨论的主题是什么样的信息应该储存在头脑中。在文章第二段，作者对数字文化的盛行提出了质疑。第三段和第四段进一步解释作者质疑的原因。最后两段提出自己认为应该在信息世界里思考的原则。综合文章内容只有D选项符合题意，故选D。

61.【解析】B。细节题。根据题目中的关键词California and Texas和Paragraph 1可以定位至文章第一段。该段指出，20世纪的大部分时期 石圭谷和好菜瑪的故乡（加利福尼亚)一直都是两者中智慧和时尚的标杆。德克萨斯落在后面：它给人的固有印象就像是穿着牛仔靴的保守的基督徒。由此可知加利福尼亚州很多方面都比德克萨斯强。本题选B。原文中的trailed behind意为“落存后面”。选项B中be superior to意为“比……好的、强的”。原文和选项B其实是把主语换了，动词换成了相反的意思。

62.【解析】C。推理题。根据题目中的关键词California定位至文章第二段。本段第一句是主题句，指出加利福尼亚陷入了恐慌。接下来的几句指出了具体的现象，文中只是说它给债权人打欠条，但是没有说它破产，选项A不对。文中出现了260亿美元，但是指的是预计支出和收入缺口，而不是预算，选项B不对。本段最后一句话指出保护弱势群体的机制 会被撤销，所以选项D不蚌。选项C是对整破内容的概括，故选C。

63.【解析】A。细节题。根据题目关键词Texas和different可以定位至文章第三段第三句。该句指出，德克萨斯州更好地应对了经济萧条还因为德克萨斯不同于加利福尼亚的小政府模式。文章的第一段是指出加利福尼亚和德克萨斯的现状。根据以上所述，德克萨斯和加利福尼亚的不同之处是德克萨斯实行小政府模式。故选A。

64.【解析】C。细节题。根据题目中的关键词Problem和Texas可以定位至文章第四段。该段第二句指出，德克萨斯州的模式有自身的问题。第三句接着指出了具体的问题，也就是德克萨斯州在教育上投入不足，导致德克萨斯人技能不足，不能适应知识经济的需求。故C选项与题意相符合。原文中的insufficient意思是“不足的”，选项C中meet the need of意思是“满足……的需求”。

65.【解析】A。推理题。根据题目关键词politics可以定位至文章最后一段。最后一段最后两句是关于美国政治的。加利福尼亚不仅可以借鉴德州更紧凑的政府模式，也可以学习其两党共政的方式。完美的政府模式是不存在的：有50个公共政策实验室去竞相发现最可行的政府模式，这是美国独一无二的天赋。选项B、C、D文章中都没有提及，选项A根据最后一句的内容可以推断出来，故本题选A。