Passage 4

　　Definitions of Obesity

　　How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.

　　The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.

　　However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.

　　Health Effects of Obesity

　　Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.

　　Cancer

　　Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.

　　The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.

　　The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!

　　Aging

　　Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.

　　The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.

　　Dementia

　　Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.

　　Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.

　　Other Problems

　　The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.

　　This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.

　　1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.

　　2. Using the "Body Mass Index"to define a person's weight ideal, because it takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.

　　3. A person's emotional well-being will not affected by obesity.

　　4. Obesity has nothing to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.

　　5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.

　　6. An overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 10 years to her biological age.

　　7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.

　　8. Obese people in middle age run ________ .

　　9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to _________ that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.

　　10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly _________.

　答案解析

　　1. Y. 根据题干中的信息词height-weight table定位到本文的首段第二句话可知题干表述与原文相符。

　　2. N. 根据题干中的信息词“Body Mass Index”和age, gender and ethnic origin定位到本文的第三段第一句话，结合第二段可知题干表述与原文相反。

　　3. N. 根据题干中的信息词emotional well-being定位到第一个小标题下的第三句话可知题干表述与原文不符。

　　4. N. 根据题干中的信息词prostate gland for man定位到第二个小标题下第一段的最后一句话可知题干表述与原文相反。

　　5. Y. 根据题干中的信息词less affluent nations定位到第二个小标题下第二段的最后一句话可知题干表述与原文相符。

　　6. NG. 根据题干中的信息词woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years和biological age定位到第三个小标题下的第二句话，可知原文提到的是有二十年烟龄的非超重妇女如果每天吸二十支烟，会使她们的生物年龄增加7.4年，而并没有提到有二十年烟龄的超重妇女如果每天吸二十支烟会对她们的生物年龄有什么影响。

　　7. Y. 根据题干中的信息词The excess body fat及inflammation定位到第三个小标题下的倒数第二句话可知题干表述与原文相符。

　　8. an increased risk of dementia。根据题干中的信息词middle age定位到第四个小标题下的第一句话可得答案。

　　9. affect lifestyle changes。根据题干中的信息词predictive test for dementia和reduce their risk of contracting dementia定位到第四个小标题下的最后两句话可得答案。

　　10. drain economies。根据题干中的信息词world-wide upsurge in obesity定位到最后一个小标题下的第一句话可得答案。