四六级阅读试题猜词技巧
日期:2011-08-02 15:04

(单词翻译:单击)

一、猜词技巧与英语四六级备考
  猜词技巧是一种学习策略,即学习方法。猜词技巧是外语词汇学习的一种主要的学习策略。研究表明,扩充外语词汇量的一种有效的方法就是猜词技巧。对此,有来自两方面的研究为我们提供了客观依据。一种为推断性研究。据调查,母语为英语的孩子到12年级(相当于高三)时掌握阅读词汇量40000 单词(派生词如develop、development、developmental视为一个单词),而(小学)三年级学生仅掌握5000-10000个单词。这表明,孩子平均每年掌握约3000阅读词汇,或每天掌握8-10词。事实上,此类调查研究很多,而且,统计结果不一。然而,有一点毋庸质疑,即孩子所掌握的大量词汇不是来自课堂教学,也不是通过查字典,而是通过课外阅读猜词获得。  

另一种研究是通过实验。让一组受试阅读含有生词的短文,然后,或隔一段时间后,检测其生词的掌握情况。结果表明,英语为母语的孩子以这种阅读方式平均每年掌握1500单词,其数量数倍于在课堂或通过查字典所学的词汇量。因此,猜词技巧被视为扩大词汇量的主要媒介,因为我们的母语词汇大半是通过上下文猜测词义而获得。
  猜词技巧:

  猜测词义时,我们可利用以下线索:
  1. 针对性解释
  文章作者有时为了更好地阐述思想,会通过使用定义、复述、举例等对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或其他词汇做一些针对性的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,把该单词含义与其他含义区分开来,利用它们我们可以比较容易地猜测词义。  

1)根据定义猜测词义

作者一般会在生词的前后给对该词进行解释说明,有时用标点符号(如:连字符或冒号等)提示。此外,如果定义内容为句子,谓语动词常用be、be considered、to be、be called, be kown as、constitute、deal with、define、mean、refer to、represent、signify等表示。这类线索一般非常明确,读者很容易就能发现。

例如:Anthropology is the scientific study of people, society and culture.由定义可知,anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。  

2)根据复述猜测词义
复述也是对某一单词所做的针对性解释,虽然不像定义那么严谨、具体,但根据复述提供的信息,我们也能猜出生词的含义。复述部分可能是单词、短语或者从句,通常情况下作为生词的同位语,对其进行解释说明,常用逗号、破折号、冒号等与生词隔开。同位语前常有or、or other、in other words、that is to say、namely、similarly、say等副词或短语出现。  

例如:Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 此例逗号中短语的意思为“对词意义进行的研究”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系,对其进行解释说明,因此我们很容易猜出semantics指“语义学”。  

再看一个例子,定语从句 Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我们可以推断出SAD含义,即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。  

3)根据举例猜测词义
  我们有时候也可依据所举实例推断生词含义。如:The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是对 epochal events的举例说明,通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致含义为“重要的”,这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。

4)根据内在逻辑关系
  根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。  

5)根据对比关系猜测词义
  在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有although、in spite of、in contrast、but、despite、however, not、unlike、while等。

例如:Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest. 该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的、相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面的词组humble and modest(谦卑、谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious应该有“目空一切的,傲慢的”的含义。

另一个例子:A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones. 该句中并未出现表示对比关系的词或短语,但是通过上下文可知句子前后是对比关系,即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的含义为“熟练的”。

6)根据比较关系猜测词义
与对比关系不同,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly、like、just as、also等。例如: Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出 loquacious词义为“健谈的”。

7)根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中间,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推断生词词义。例如:Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.根据because原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出autocratic指“独断专行的”。   

8)根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如:Just before the exam Carl's hands shook and sweated so much that he could not hold a pen. His heart beat fast and his stomach ached, even though he knew the subject very well. He really had a strange phobia about taking test. 根据前面一连串的紧张状态的描述,我们很容易就能猜出“phobia”指“恐惧症”。  

2. 外部相关因素
有时只靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时就需要运用我们的生活经验和普通常识来猜测生词含义。例如:The snake slithered through the grass. 根据我们所知道的有关蛇的生活习性的知识,我们可以推断出slither应该有“爬行”的意思。  

3. 单词构词
在猜测词义过程中,除了使用上面提到的一些策略,我们还可以根据构词法方面的知识, 从生词本身猜测词义。  

1)根据词根来猜测词义
例如:Antidisestablishmentarianism这个单词由28个字母构词,但是利用构词法将单词拆分,我们可以猜测其含义。单词可拆分为anti-(反对)+dis-(不)+establish(建立)【disestablish即废除】+- ment(名词后缀)+-arian(……者)+-ism(……主义),单词含义即“反对废除国教制度者主义”。

  

2)根据词缀猜测词义
  例如:He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes. 根据词根conscious(清醒的、有意识的),结合前缀semi-(半,部分的,不完全的),我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的、半昏迷的”。I'm illiterate about such things. 词根literate 意为“有文化修养的,通晓的”,前缀il-表示否定,因此illiterate指 “一窍不通,不知道的”。  

3)根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如: Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. Highlight或许是一个生词,但是分析该词结构后,就能推测出其含义。它是由 high (高的,强的)和light(光线)两部分组成,合在一起便是“以强光照射,使突出” 的意思。 Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull(公牛)和fight(打、搏斗)结合在一起,根据两个单词的含义可推断出,该词指的是西班牙一种颇为流行的体育运动——斗牛。  

综上所述,利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读策略。在实践中,我们可以灵活运用,综合运用上面提到的几种猜测策略,排除生词的障碍,顺利理解文章的思想内容,提高阅读速度。  

三、猜词技巧的作用
  多个实验证明,猜词技巧的培训能明显提高英语阅读水平。猜词技巧是一种学习能力,学习者利用猜词技巧有助于迅速扩充词汇量,增强阅读兴趣,提高阅读能力。  

一些考试,尤其是出国考试要求考生掌握大量词汇,在考试中又会经常出现一些考生没有见到过的词汇,而且这些词汇考生可能很难会再次碰到。要掌握这些词汇不太可能,在这种情况下,掌握猜词技巧就显得尤为重要。  

四、猜词实战(以08年12月四级考试快速阅读真题为例)
  It was a lovely day at the park and Stella Bianchi was enjoying the sunshine with her two children when a young boy, aged about four, approached her two-year-old son and pushed him to the ground.  

"I'd watched him for a little while and my son was the fourth or fifth child he'd shoved," she says." I went over to them, picked up my son, turned to the boy and said, firmly, 'No, we don't push," What happened next was unexpected  

shove
  首先,我们可以判断shove是动词,表示动作。从上文得知这个小男孩“走到我两岁儿子前,把他推到了地上”,而且“我看到他一会功夫就shove了四五个孩子”。可以推断出,shove是与push相近的动作。(属于根据同义替代猜词词义)  

"The boy's mother ran toward me from across the park," Stella says," I thought she was coming over to apologize, but instead she started shouting at me for disciplining her child, All I did was let him know his behavior was unacceptable. Was I supposed to sit back while her kid did whatever he wanted, hurting other children in the process?"  

discipline
根据文中含义,我们可以推知,男孩的母亲生气了,对“我”大声嚷叫,责怪我“discipline”她的孩子。根据后面提到的“我”的动作All I did was let him know his behavior was unacceptable可知,这里的“discipline”应该有“教育”的含义。(属于根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义)  

unacceptable
我们非常熟悉accept一词,又知un-是否定前缀,-able是形容词后缀,可直接推出unacceptable是"不可接受的"。(属于根据前后缀猜词词义)。 

 

Getting your own children to play nice is difficult enough. Dealing with other people's children has become a minefield.  

minefield
首先,我们已学mine(地雷)和field(场地),可以猜测minefield指“雷区”。但是,根据句意,minefield的本义在这里讲不通,又知上一句讲到:能让自己的孩子好好玩就已经是件棘手的事了,和其他人的孩子相处就是个minefield。从逻辑上看,这是个比较关系。联想minefield(雷区)的特征,我们可以猜测到minefield指非常危险的事情。(属于根据复合词的各部分以及递进关系猜词词义)  

"Kids aren't all raised the same," agrees Professor Naomi White of Monash University." But there is still an idea that they're the property of the parent. We see our children as an extension of ourselves, so if you're saying that my child is behaving inappropriately, then that's somehow a criticism of me."  

inappropriately
Inappropriately为副词,修饰“ behaving”,表示“行为……”。由下文“a criticism of me”可知,inappropriately为贬义词,我们可猜知是行为不当。  

Asked how to approach a parent in this situation, psychologist Meredith Fuller answers: "Explain your needs as well as stressing the importance of the friendship. Preface your remarks with something like: 'I know you'll think I'm silly but in my house I don't want...'"

preface
把Preface按构词法拆分,由前缀pre-(在……之前)和face(面)组成,可以推出preface指在……之前。(属于根据词根词缀猜词词义) 

Meredith Fuller agrees: "A code of conduct is hard to create when you're living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last."  

exhausted
介词from表示“由于……”,根据原因overwork and lack of sleep“超时工作,睡眠不足”可知,exhausted应该有“疲倦的、疲劳的”含义。(属于根据因果关系猜测词义) 

White believes our notions of a more child-centered society should be challenged. "Today we have a situation where, in many families, both parents work so the amount of time children get from parents has diminished." she says.  

diminish
父母都工作,陪孩子的时间当然就减少了(diminish)。(属于根据因果关系猜词词义)  

As Bianchi approached the park bench where she'd been sitting, other mums came up to her and congratulated her on taking a stand. "Apparently the boy had a longstanding reputation for bad behaviour and his mum for even worse behaviour if he was challenged."   

longstanding
将longstanding根据构词法拆分:long(长时间)+stand(站立)+-ing(形容词后缀),可知longstanding指长期存在的。(属于根据词根词缀猜词词义)

分享到
重点单词
  • extensionn. 伸展,延长,扩充,电话分机
  • diminishvt. 减少,变小,减损 vi. 变少,逐渐变细
  • syndromen. 综合症,典型表现
  • benchn. 长凳,工作台,法官席 vt. 坐(在长凳上)
  • confinedadj. 幽禁的;狭窄的;有限制的;在分娩中的 v. 限
  • consciousadj. 神志清醒的,意识到的,自觉的,有意的 n. 意
  • humbleadj. 卑下的,谦逊的,粗陋的 vt. 使 ... 卑
  • spiten. 恶意,怨恨 vt. 刁难,伤害
  • disciplinen. 训练,纪律,惩罚,学科 vt. 训练,惩罚
  • diminishedadj. 减退了的;减弱的 v. 减少;削弱(dimin