分词和从句
　　分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)和分词短语在英语中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充当补语,定语,状语等成分。在成分复杂的句子中，有时分词的出现易同谓语动词的被动式或者进行时搞混，造成句子主干的判断错误。带有自己主语的分词独立结构由于同非限制性定语从句和插入语一样需要逗号同句子的其他成分分开，因此常会误认为是非限制性定语或插入语。有些从句，尤其是定语从句，其形式变化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。

　　Excrise
　　Someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more congnitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
　　When building space on the ground becomes scarce use must be made of the space in the air.
　　When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.

　　要点：句首的someone后有介词短语with a history of doing more rather than less 对其进行修饰。第二个someone后有一个定语从句who has not had an active mind对其进行修饰。“sound”在此句中的意思为“健康，健全”。
　　译文:经常积极思考的人进入老年后,比不积极思考的人在认知方面更加健康.
　　要点：主句的谓语use must be made of the space in the air.是被动语态。在英语中“动词+名词+介词”类的短语将主动语态改为被动语态有两种改法。一种是将词组中的名词上升为主语;另一种是将介词后面的宾语升为主语。
　　举例：主语态：They take care of the babies.
　　被动态1 Care of the babies are taken by them.
　　被动态2The babies are taken care by them.
　　在本句中是采用了第一种做法，全句的主动语态为We must take use of the space in the air.
　　译文：当地面的建筑空间变得紧张时，我们必须在空中拓展空间。
　　要点：when引导时间状语从句，直到逗号为止。"an　item"后有定语从句"she or he bought "对其修饰，" in some way "意为在某一方面，"live up to"意为达到。。。标准。
　　译文：消费者一旦发现所购商品有缺陷或者在某一方面不能达到生产厂家宣称的标准，应采取的第一步是向购物商店出示保单或其他有效的证据。