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Colleges taking another look at value of merit-based aid

Good grades and high test scores still matter - a lot - to many colleges as they award financial aid.
But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as merit aid, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars.

George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, said last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and pare the number of recipients, pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago.

Now, Hamilton College in Clinton, N.Y., says it will phase out merit scholarships altogether. No current merit-aid recipients will lose their scholarships, but need-based aid alone will be awarded beginning with students entering in fall 2008.

Not all colleges offer merit aid; generally, the more selective a school, the less likely it is to do so. Harvard and Princeton, for example, offer generous need-based packages, but plenty of families who don't meet need eligibility have been willing to pay whatever they must for a big-name school.

For small regional colleges that struggle just to fill seats, merit aid can be an important revenue-builder because many recipients still pay enough tuition dollars over and above the scholarship amount to keep the institution running.

But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profiles. "They're trying to buy students," says Skidmore College economist Sandy Baum.

Re-evaluating aid

Studies show merit aid also tends to benefit disproportionately students who could afford to enroll without it. That's where demographics enter the picture.

"As we look to the future, we see a more pressing need to invest in need-based aid," says Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, which has offered merit scholarships for 10 years. During that time, it rose in US News & World Report's ranking of the best liberal arts colleges, from 25 to 17.

Merit aid, which benefited about 75 students a year, or about 4% of its student body, at a cost of about $1 million a year, "served us well," Inzer says, but "to be discounting the price for families that don't need financial aid doesn't feel right anymore."

Need-based aid remains by far the largest share of all student aid, which includes state, federal and institutional grants. But merit aid, offered primarily by schools and states, is growing faster, both overall and at the institutional level.

Between 1995-96 and 2003-04, institutional merit aid alone increased 212%, compared with 47% for need-based grants, a study by Pennsylvania State University professor Donald Heller says. At least 15 states also offer merit aid, typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state's public institutions.

But in recent years, a growing chorus of critics has begun pressuring schools to drop the practice. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be "a sign that people are starting to realize that there's this destructive competition going on," says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need.

A fast 'merry-go-round'

David Laird, president of the 17-member Minnesota Private College Council, says many of his schools would like to reduce their merit aid but fear that in doing so, they would lose top students to their competitors.

"No one can take unilateral action," says Laird, who is exploring whether to seek an exemption from federal antitrust laws so member colleges can discuss how they could jointly reduce merit aid. "This is a merry-go-round that's going very fast, and none of the institutions believe they can sustain the risks of trying to break away by themselves."

A complicating factor, he and others note, is that merit aid has become so popular with middle-income families, who don't qualify for need-based aid, that many have come to depend on it. And, as tuitions continue to increase, the line between merit and need blurs.

That's one reason Allegheny College doesn't plan to drop merit aid entirely.

"We still believe in rewarding superior achievements and know that these top-notch students truly value the scholarship," says Scott Friedhoff, Allegheny's vice president for enrollment.

Emory University in Atlanta, which boasts a $4.7 billion endowment, meanwhile, is taking another tack. This year, it announced it would eliminate loans for needy students and cap them for middle-income families. At the same time, it said it would expand its 28-year-old merit program.

"Yeah, we're playing the merit game," acknowledges Tom Lancaster, senior associate dean for undergraduate education. But it has its strong points, too, he says.

"The fact of the matter is, it's not just about the lowest-income people. It is the average American middle-class family who is being priced out of the market."

A few words about merit-based aid: 1
Merit-based aid is aid offered to students who achieve excellence in a given area, and is generally known as academic, athletic and artistic merit scholarships.

Academic merit scholarships are based on students' grades, GPA and overall academic performance during high school. They are typically meant for students going straight to college right after high school. However, there are scholarships for current college students with exceptional grades as well. These merit scholarships usually help students pay tuition bills, and they can be renewed each year as long as the recipients continue to qualify. In some cases, students may need to be recommended by their school or a teacher as part of the qualification process.

A few words about merit-based aid: 2

Athletic merit scholarships are meant for students that excel(突出)in sports of any kind, from football to track and field events. Recommendation for these scholarships is required, since exceptional athletic performance has to be recognized by a coach or a referee(裁判). Applicants need to send in a tape containing their best performance.

Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area. This generally includes any creative field such as art, design, fashion, music, dance or writing. Applying for artistic merit scholarships usually requires that students submit a portfolio(选辑)of some sort, whether that includes a collection of artwork, a recording of a musical performance or a video of them dancing.

注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

46. Private colleges like to see merit aid reduced according to David Laird.

47. Many students from middle-income families have come to rely on merit aid so Allegheny College plan to drop merit aid entirely.

48. Annual renewal of academic merit scholarships depends on whether the recipients remain qualified.

49. Applicants for athletic merit scholarships need a recommendation from a coach or a referee who recognizes their exceptional athletic performance.

50. With more and more low-income students pursuing higher education?a number of colleges are revising their financial aid policies.

51. Allegheny College in Meadville cut its merit based aid to help the needy students three years ago.

52. The chief purpose of rankings-conscious colleges in offering merit aid is to attract good students.

53. Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton?believes it抯 not right to give aid to those who can afford the tuition.

54. In recent years, merit-based aid has increased much faster than need-based aid due to fierce competition among institutions.

55. Applicants for artistic merit scholarships must produce evidence to show their excellence in a particular artistic field.
参考答案
【参考答案】

46. E)根据题干信息词David Laird将答案定位于E段。E段中，Laird指出，很多私立大学希望减少 奖学金，但同时又担心这么做会使好学生跑到竞争对手那里去。E段Laird接着陈述了希望依靠 法规来使兄弟院校同时减少奖学金，与题干相符，因此选E。

47. F)由题干可知相关部分在文中F段，F段指出，阿勒格尼学院不打算完全放弃奖学金的原因 是，很多来自中等收人家庭的学生不符合助学金的申请要求，但他们主要依赖于奖学金，与题干相 符，因此选F。

48. H)该句提到，只要奖学金获得者继续达到获奖的资格，则其每年都可以继续获得奖学金，由此 可知，选H。

49. I) 根据题干信息词athletic merit scholarships, recommendation将答案定位于I小标题下， Recommendation for these scholarships is required，since exceptional athletic performance has to be recognized by a coach or a referee. Applicants need to send in a tape containing their best perfor-mance.与题干相符，因此逸I。

50. A)由题干知相关部分在文中 A段，But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years,随着越来越多的低收人家庭的孩子进 人高校学习V-些学校开始重新审视其资助政策是否最有效地利用了大学宝贵的经费，与题干相 符，因此选A。

51. B) 由similar -词断定，本题相关部分应在B段中找。B段中提到的cut…merit scholarships. ..pouring the savings... into need-based aid(减少……奖学金将节省下来的钱投放到贫困助学金上）即similar decision所指的内容与题干相符，因此选B。

52. C> .根据题干信息词rankings*conscious colleges将答案定位于C段。该段指出，对于那些对排名 比较关注的学校来说，奖学金主要是他们用来招收好学生、改善其学术形象的手段，与题干相符， 因此选C。

53. D)本段中Inzer陈述了其观点：现在更迫切的需要是把经费投在助学金上，而助学金是发放给 经济上有困难的学生的，与文中Merit aid, which benefited about 75 students a year, or about 4% of its student body, at a cost of about $ 1 million a year, "served us well." Inzer says，but "to be discounting the price for families that don't need financial aid doesn't feel right any more.，，相符，因 此选D。

54. E)题干中的 In recent years 对应 E 段，But in recent years，a growing chorus of critics has begun pressuring schools to drop the practice. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be "a sign that people are starting to realize that there's this destructive competition going on," says Baum, coauthor of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need.与题干相符，因此选E。

55. I)根据末段第四句 Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area.及本题的题干可知选I。