abandon v. go away from (a person or thing or place) not intending to return; forsake; desert

　　abstract adj. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existence

　　academy n. school for special training

　　access n. ~ means of approaching or entering (a place); way in

　　accommodate v. provide lodging or room for

　　accompany v. walk or travel with (sb) as a companion or helper; escort

　　accumulate v. gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get (sth) in this way

　　accurate adj. free from error

　　achieve v. gain or reach (sth), usu by effort, skill, courage, etc

　　acknowledge v. accept the truth of admit (sth)

　　acquire v. gain (sth) by one's own ability, efforts or behaviour

　　adapt v. ~ sth (for sth) make sth suitable for a new use, situation, etc; modify sth

　　adequate adj. ~ satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficient

　　adjacent having a common endpoint or border also immediately preceding or following

　　adjust v. put (sth) into the correct order or position; arrange

　　administrate v. to administer

　　adult adj. grown to full size or strength

　　advocate v. speak publicly in favour of (sth); recommend; support

　　affect v. have an influence on (sb/sth); produce an effect on

　　aggregate v. ~ sb (fml ) be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount

　　aid n. help

　　albeit conj although

　　allocate v. ~ sth allot or assign sth (to sb/sth) for a special purpose

　　alter v. become different; change in character, position, size, shape, etc

　　alternative adj. available in place of sth else; other

　　ambiguous adj. having more than one possible meaning

　　amend v. correct an error in (sth); make minor improvements in; change slightly

　　analogy n. ~ partial similarity between two things that are compared

　　analyse v. separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structure

　　annual adj. happening every year

　　anticipate v. expect

　　apparent adj. clearly seen or understood; obvious

　　append v. ~ sth (fml ) attach or add sth (esp in writing)

　　appreciate v. understand and enjoy (sth); value highly

　　approach v. come near or nearer to in space or time

　　appropriate adj. ~ suitable; right and proper

　　approximate adj. almost correct or exact but not completely so

　　arbitrary adj. based on personal opinion or impulse, not on reason

　　area n. extent or measurement of a surface

　　aspect n. particular part or feature of sth being considered

　　assemble v. come together; collect

　　assess v. ~ sth decide or fix the amount of sth

　　assign v. ~ sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be used

　　assist v. ~ in/with sth; ~ (sb) in doing sth (fml ) help

　　assume v. accept as true before there is proof

　　assure v. tell (sb) positively or confidently

　　attach v. ~ sth fasten or join sth (to sth)

　　attain v. succeed in getting (sth); achieve

　　attitude n. ~ way of thinking or behaving

　　attribute v. ~ sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb/sth

　　author n. writer of a book, play, etc

　　authority n. power to give orders and make others obey

　　automate v. cause to operate by automation

　　available adj. that can be used or obtained

　　aware adj. ~ of sb/sth; ~ that... having knowledge or realization of sb/sth

　　behalf n. on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf; US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb; in the interest of sb

　　benefit n. profit; gain; future good (used esp with the vs and preps shown)

　　bias n. opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group orseries; predisposition; prejudice

　　bond n. written agreement or promise that has legal force; covenant

　　brief adj. lasting only a short time; short

　　bulk n. size, quantity or volume, esp when great

　　capable adj. having ability; able; competent

　　capacity n. ability to hold or contain sth

　　category n. class or group of things in a complete system of grouping

　　cease v. come or bring (sth) to an end; stop

　　challenge n. ~ (to do sth) invitation or call (to sb) to take part in a game, contest, fight etc to prove who is better, stronger, more able, etc

　　channel n. sunken bed of a river, stream or canal

　　chapter n. (usu numbered) division of a book

　　chart n. detailed map used to help navigation at sea, showing coasts, rocks, the depth of the sea, etc

　　chemical adj. of or relating to chemistry

　　circumstance n. condition or fact connected with an event or action

　　cite quote; commend

　　civil adj. of or relating to the citizens of a country

　　clarify v. (cause sth to) become clear or easier to understand

　　classic adj. having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned; of lasting value and importance

　　clause n. group of words that includes a subject1(4a) and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence

　　code n. (system of) words, letters, symbols, etc that represent others, used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information briefly

　　coherent adj. connected logically or consistent; easy to understand; clear

　　coincide v. ~ (of events) occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth else

　　collapse v. fall down or in suddenly

　　colleague n. person with whom one works, esp in a profession or business

　　commence v. begin (sth); start

　　comment n. ~ written or spoken remark giving an opinion on, explaining or criticizing (an event, a person, a situation, etc)

　　commission n. ~ action, task or piece of work given to sb to do

　　commit v. do (sth illegal, wrong or foolish)

　　commodity n. thing bought in a shop and put to use, esp in the home

　　communicate v. ~ sth make sth known; convey sth

　　community n. the community the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole

　　compatible adj. ~ (of people, ideas, arguments, principles, etc) suited; that can exist together

　　compensate v. ~ for sth give (sb) sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss, injury,etc;

　　compile v. ~ sth (for/from sth) collect (information) and arrange it in a book, list, report, etc

　　complement n. ~ thing that goes well or suitably with sth else, or makes it complete

　　complex adj. made up of (usu several) closely connected parts

　　component n. any of the parts of which sth is made

　　compound n. thing made up of two or more separate things combined together

　　comprehensive adj. that includes everything

　　comprise v. have as parts or members; be made up of

　　compute v. ~ sth calculate sth with a computer

　　conceive v. become pregnant

　　concentrate v. ~ (sth) (on sth/doing sth) focus (one's attention, effort, etc) exclusively and intensely on sth, not thinking about other less important things

　　concept n. ~ idea underlying sth; general notion

　　conclude v. ~ (with sth) (usu fml ) come or bring (sth) to an end

　　concurrent adj. ~ existing, happening or done at the same time

　　conduct n. person's behaviour

　　confer v. ~ (with sb) (on/about sth) have discussions (esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)

　　confine v. ~ sb/sth keep (a person or an animal) in a restricted space

　　confirm v. provide evidence for the truth or correctness of (a report, an opinion, etc); establish the truth of

　　conflict n. struggle; fight

　　conform v. ~ keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules, standards, etc)

　　consent v. ~ give agreement or permission

　　consequent adj. ~ (fml ) following sth as a result or an effect

　　considerable adj. great in amount or size

　　consist v. (phr v) consist of sth be composed or made up of sth

　　constant adj. going on all the time; happening again and again

　　constitute v. (fml ) make up or form (a whole); be the components of

　　constrain v. make (sb) do sth by strong (moral) persuasion or by force

　　construct v. build (sth); put or fit together; form

　　consult v. ~ sb/sth go to (a person, book, etc) for information, advice, etc

　　consume v. use (sth) up

　　contact n. ~ state of touching (used esp with the vs shown)

　　contemporary adj. ~ of the time or period being referred to; belonging to the same time

　　context writings preceding and following passage quoted

　　contract n. ~ (for sth/to do sth) legally binding agreement, usu in writing

　　contradict v. say sth that conflicts with by (sb), suggesting that the person is mistaken or not telling the truth

　　contrary adj. opposite in nature, tendency or direction

　　contrast v. ~ A and/with B compare so that differences are made clear

　　contribute v. ~ (to/towards sth) give one's share of (money, help, advice, etc) to help a joint cause

　　controversy n. ~ public discussion or argument, often rather angry, about sth which many people disagreewith

　　convene v. summon to come together; arrange (a meeting, etc)

　　converse v. ~ (about sth); ~ (together) (fml ) talk

　　convert v. ~ (sth) (from sth) (into/to sth) change (sth) from one form or use to another

　　convince v. ~ sb make sb feel certain; cause sb to realize

　　cooperate to work or act together

　　coordinate vt. to organize or integrate (diverse elements) in a harmonious operation

　　core n. centre of such fruits as the apple and pear, containing the seeds

　　corporate adj. of or shared by all the members of a group; collective

　　correspond v. ~ be in agreement; not contradict sth or each other

　　couple n. two people or things that are seen together or associated, esp a man and woman together

　　create v. cause to exist; make (sth new or original)

　　credit n. permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received; system of paying in this way

　　criteria n. (pl of criterion) standard by which sth is judged

　　crucial adj. ~ very important; decisive

　　culture n. refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc

　　currency n. money system in use in a country

　　cycle n. series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order

　　data n. facts or information used in deciding or discussing sth

　　debate n. formal argument or discussion of a question, eg at a public meeting or in Parliament, with two or more opposing speakers, and often ending in a vote

　　decade n. period of ten years

　　decline v. say `no' to (sth); refuse (sth offered), usu politely

　　deduce v. ~ sth arrive at (facts, a theory, etc) by reasoning; infer sth

　　define v. ~ sth state precisely the meaning of (eg words)

　　definite adj. clear; not doubtful

　　demonstrate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence

　　denote v. be the name, sign or symbol of (sth); refer to

　　deny v. say that (sth) is not true

　　depress v. make sad and without enthusiasm

　　derive v. ~ sth from sth obtain sth from sth; get sth from sth

　　design n. ~ (for sth) drawing or outline from which sth may be made

　　despite prep without being affected by

　　detect v. discover or recognize that (sth) is present

　　deviate v. ~ from sth stop following

　　device n. thing made or adapted for a special purpose

　　devote v. ~ oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth; dedicate ;

　　differentiate v. ~ between A and B; ~ A (from B) see or show (two things) to be different; show sth to be different (from sth else)

　　dimension n. measurement of any sort

　　diminish v. become smaller or less; decrease

　　discrete adj. separate; distinct

　　discriminate v. ~ ~ A from B see or make a difference (between two things)

　　displace v. move from the usual or correct place

　　display v. ~ sth put sth on show

　　dispose v. place(sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrange

　　distinct adj. easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite

　　distort v. pull or twist out of its usual shape

　　distribute v. ~ sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing

　　diverse adj. of different kinds; varied

　　document n. paper, form, book, etc giving information about sth, evidence or proof of sth

　　domain n. lands owned or ruled by a nobleman, government, etc

　　domestic adj. of the home, household or family

　　dominate v. have control of or a very strong influence on (people, events, etc)

　　draft n. rough preliminary written version of sth

　　drama n. play for the theatre, radio or TV

　　duration n. time during which sth lasts or continues

　　dynamic adj. of power or forces that produce movement

　　economy n. avoidance of waste (of money, strength, time, resources, etc)

　　edit v. prepare for publication, eg in a book, newspaper, or magazine

　　element n. ~ necessary or characteristic part of sth

　　eliminate v. ~ sb/sth remove (esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed)

　　emerge v. ~ come out or up (from water, etc)

　　emphasis n. force or stress given to a word or words when spoken, to make the meaning clear or to show importance

　　empirical adj. based on observation or experiment, not on theory

　　enable v. make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or means

　　encounter v. meet or find oneself faced by (sth/sb unpleasant, dangerous, difficult, etc)

　　energy n. ability to act or work with strength and eagerness

　　enforce v. ~ sth force people to obey (a law, etc); make sth effective

　　enhance v. increase make (sb/sth) look better

　　enormous adj. very large; immense

　　ensure v. make sure; guarantee

　　entity n. thing with distinct and real existence

　　environment n. conditions, circumstances, etc affecting people's lives

　　equate v. ~ sth consider sth as equal or equivalent (to sth else)

　　equip v. ~ sb/sth (with sth) supply sb/sth (with what is needed, for a particular purpose)

　　equivalent adj. ~ equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc

　　erode v. destroy or wear (sth) away gradually

　　error n. thing done wrongly; mistake

　　establish v. set up on a firm or permanent basis

　　estate n. area of land, esp in the country, with one owner

　　estimate n. judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc of sth

　　ethic n. system of moral principles; rules of conduct

　　ethnic adj. of a national, racial or tribal group that has a common cultural tradition

　　evaluate v. find out or form an idea of the amount or value of (sb/sth); assess

　　eventual adj. happening at last as a result; ultimate

　　evident adj. ~ (that...) obvious (to the eye or mind); clear

　　evolve v. (cause to) develop naturally and (usu) gradually

　　exceed v. be greater or more numerous than (esp a quantity)

　　exclude v. ~ sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking part in sth, etc; keep sb out

　　exhibit n. object or collection of objects displayed for the public, eg in a museum