第5课

虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气的规则用法：

1主、从句都表示与过去事实相反：

从句的谓语动词用：had + 动词过去分词；

主句的谓语动词用：情态动词+ have + 动词过去分词。

注意：能用于虚拟语气的情态动词只有四个：should, could, would, might.

使用哪一个情态动词要由句子含义决定，考试中出现最多的是could, would.

2 主、从句都表示与现在事实相反：

从句的谓语动词用：动词过去式（如果是be则只能用were）

主句的谓语动词用：情态动词+ 动词原形。

3 主、从句都表示与将来事实相反：

从句的谓语动词用：were to + 动词原形（重点）、should + 动词原形、动词过去式；

主句的谓语动词用：情态动词+ 动词原形。

二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：

1would rather+ 句子，这时句子谓语动词用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。

2if only 如果，要是...就好了，if only + 句子，这时句子一定要用虚拟语气。

有两种形式可以体现虚拟语气：

a. 如果该句子如果表示与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。

b. 如果该句子如果表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。

70. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _B_ your advice.

A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed

47. If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible

A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve

注意：当if only后的句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，该用动词过去式来表示虚拟语气，而选项中又没有时，可以采用这种形式：would + 动词原形。

3 当以下动词后加句子时，句子应用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词的形式是：（should）+ 动词原形。

a. 表示建议、提议的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move.

[move只有在表达在会议上提出提议时后面加虚拟语气]

b. 表示要求的：ask, demand, require, request, desire.

c. 表示指挥、命令的：order,command,direct.

d. 表示坚持，坚持认为的：insist.

4 it is + 第三点中动词的过去分词+ that引导的从句。

这样的结构中从句谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。

以下几个形容词置于该结构中时也要用相同的形式来体现虚拟语气：

important, necessary, essential, obligatory（有义务的，强制性的，必须的）。

5 第三点中动词相应的名词形式+ that引导从句，该从句同样要用虚拟语气，

谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。

经常用于这种结构的词有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion.

6 以下一些表达方式所在的句子一定要用虚拟语气。

or(表示否则), otherwise, unless, but for(若不是，若非)

当遇到含有以上四个表达方式的句子时，先要判断该句是表示与现在、过去、还是将来事实相反，然后依照相应的虚拟语气规则用法的形式来确定句子结构。

含有下面三个表达方式的句子体现虚拟语气的形式是固定的：

lest(以免，防备), for fear that(惟恐), on condition that(在..条件下)

它们后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形。

7 it is time 是...的时候了。

这个结构有以下两种变形形式，所用虚拟语气形式都一样：it is high time / it is about time.

这三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词都用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。

8 注意以下两种情况下should + 动词原形中should不能省略。

这里should表示一种语气，经常被翻译成“竟然”。

a. 四个动词：think, believe, expect, suspect.

它们的否定或者疑问形式后面加句子，句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。

I don't believe that he should be cheated. 我不相信他也会被骗。

b. it is a pity, it is a shame 真遗憾，it is strange 真怪

以上三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。

错综时态的虚拟语气

错综时态的虚拟语气即指主句和从句在表达是与什么时态的事实相反上并不一致（比如主句要表达与现在事实相反而从句要表达与过去事实相反），这种情况要采用“对号入座”的方法来处理，即主从句结构分别采用与其表达时态对应的结构。

60. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _A_ now.

A wouldn't be smiling B couldn't have smiled C won't smile D didn't smile

2. If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday, _C_.

A you won’t find any difficulty now B you would not have found any difficulty now

C you would not find any difficulty now D you have not found any difficulty now

3. He would be studying at the university now if he _C_ the entrance examination.

A passed B have passed C had passed D should have passed

16.It is a shamethat he _B_ that poor little girl!

A deceived B should deceive C deceive D deceiving

18. Mrs. bliss kept the door and the windows shutlestthe noise outside _D_ her son's sleep. [lest(以免，防备) 后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形]

A would interfere with B had interfered with

C interfered with D should interfere with

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21. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _C_ and perfectednow.

A) developed B have developed C are being developed D will have been developed

22. This ticket _C_ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.

A gives B grants C entitles D credits

A,B两项都要加双宾语，结构为：gives / grants sb. sth.

entitle sb. to sth. 使某人有权得到某物；credit A to B 相信A是由B造成的。

相信飞机失事是由飞行员错误造成的。Credit the crash to the pilot's mistake.

crash 坠落，坠毁（专指飞机失事）；collision 碰撞（强调两个物体碰撞，如火车、汽车等）。

we are sorry, very sorry, terribly sorry, awfully sorry.

23. You _D_ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.

A needn't have seen B must have seen

C might have seen D can't have seen

24. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _D_ the police.

A called in B calling in C call in D to call in

have no choice but to do sth. 别无选择，只能做...

25. She was so _B_ in her job that she didn't hear anybody knocking at the door.

A attracted B absorbed C drawn D concentrated

be attracted by 被…所吸引；be absorbed in 全神贯注（专注）于做…

be drawn in 被诱骗（诱使）做... ；concentrate on 专注于。

I was simply drawn in. 我是被诱骗上钩的。

27. At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly _B_ to another subject.

A committed B switched C favoured D transmitted

switch to another subject 转换话题；switch to another channel 转换频道。

28. It is politelyrequestedby the hotel management that radios _C_ after 11 o'clock at night. [虚拟语气]

A were not played B not to play C not be played D did not play

29. Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _D_ through the window.

A vision B look C picture D view

view n. 景色，风景，视野，视域。

30. Cancer issecondonly _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.

A of B to C with D from

具有比较意味的形容词都要与介词to搭配。

32. The manager needs an assistant that he can _A_ to take care of problems in his absence. [in his absence 在某人不在场的情况下]

A count on B count in C count up D count out

presence n. 到场，出席；in one’s presence 在某人在场的情况下。

count on=depend on 指望，依靠，依赖；count up 算出总数；

count in 把…算在内；count out 把...排除在外。

33. The organization had broken no rules, but _A_ had it acted responsibly.

A neither B so C either D both

34. We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _D_ view.

A from B in C before D into

come into view 进入视野，进入眼帘。cheer n. 欢呼；cheers 干杯；

cheer-team 拉拉队；cheer-leader 拉拉队长。英语中为了…干杯用介词to引起。

to your health 为了你的健康干杯；to friendship为了友谊干杯。bottom up 先干了。

35. They took _D_ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.

A fruitful B beneficial C valid D effective

take effective measures 采取有效措施。valid adj. 有效的，成立的。

36. Doing your homework is asureway to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _A_ it comes to classroom tests.

A when B since C before D after

sure 做定语时表示“可靠的、稳妥的”。come to 谈到，提及。

37. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _D_ directed.

A like B so C which D as

drug n. 药品，毒品。gay adj. 放荡的，快乐的；n. 同性恋者，尤指男性同性恋。

so后面加过去分词表示一种程度。as后面加过去分词时表示“如同…那样，正如…那样”。

53. I hope all theprecautions againstair pollution, _D_ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.

A while B since C after D as

precautions n. 防治措施；precautions against 防治…的措施。

after being + 过去分词，注意：after后面不能直接加过去分词。

38. In developing countries people are _C_ into overcrowded cities in great numbers.

A breaking B filling C pouring D hurrying

pour into 涌入，蜂拥而入。break into 强行闯入。

39. It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _A_ by about 10%. [output 产量]

A will have risen B has risen C will be rising D has been rising

表达将来的行为在将来某时间之前完成用将来完成时。

40. If I had remembered _A_ the window, the thief would not have got in.

A to close B closing C to have closed D having closed

remember to do sth. 记得要做某事但没做。

41. There are other problems which I don't propose to _A_ at the moment.

A go into B go around C go for D go up

at the moment 目前，现在。go into 谈论，讨论。

42. Don't get your schedule _C_; stay with us in this class.

A to change B changing C changed D change

43. It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _A_ knowledge.

A extensive B expansive C intensive D expensive

extensive adj. 范围广大的，广博的；extensive knowledge 知识渊博。

expansive adj. 扩张的，面积广阔的；expensive adj. 昂贵的，高价的。

intensive adj. 仔细深入的，细致入微的。

54. The patient's health failed to such an extent that he was put into _C_ care.

A tense B rigid C intensive D tight

to such an extent 到如此的程度。intensive care 特级护理。

44. Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _B_ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.

A has to get B were to get C had got D could have got

46. A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _B_ much sharing of interests and responsibilities. [a love marriage因相爱而结婚形成的婚姻]

A take over B result in C hold on D keep to

not necessarily 未必；interests n. 利益。take over 接管，接收；

result in 导致，结果是；hold on 坚持，挺住；keep to 坚持，遵守。

47. The ability to store knowledge makes computers different form every other machine _A_ invented. [ever adj. 曾经，以往任何时候]

A ever B thus C yet D as

48. I'm not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I can't make a(n) _C_ promise to help you.

A exact B defined C definite D sure

definite: unlikely to be changed 不可能被改变的；definite promise 不可能被改变的诺言。

49. I have kept that portrait _B_ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.

A which B where C whether D when

which在定语从句中除了做主语就是做宾语，when在定语从句中只能做时间状语。

remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事。

50. The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally _D_ because of the bad weather. [sports meet=sports meeting 运动会]

A set off B broken off C worn off D called off

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21. Until then, his family _D_ from him for six months.

A didn't hear B hasn't been hearing C hasn't heard D hadn't heard

until then 直到那时。hear from sb. 收到某人的来信，得到某人的消息。

22. The conference _B_ a full weekbythe time it ends.

A must have lasted B will have lasted C would last D has lasted

见到介词by引导的时间状语，谓语动词就应是完成时态。

24. Physics is _B_ to the science which was called natural philosophy in history.

A alike B equivalent C likely D uniform

be alike to sb. 对于某人来说均是一样的。be equivalent to 相当于。

All tastes are alike to him. 所有味道对他来说都一样。

27. The new appointment of our president _A_ from the very beginning of next semester.

A takes effect B takes part C takes place D takes turns

semester n. 学期；president n. 大学校长；take effect 生效，发生效力；

take part in 参与，参加；take place=happen 发生；takes turn to do sth. 轮流做某事。

28. The president made a _A_ speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.

A vigorous B tedious C flat D harsh

ceremony n. 典礼，仪式；表达在某个典礼上介词用at。vigorous adj. 强劲有力的，强有力的。

harsh adj. 刺耳的，令人不愉快的；flat adj. 平淡无奇的；tedious adj. 冗长无聊的。

29. It is useful to be able to predict the extent _C_ which a price change will affect supply and demand. [extent to]

A from B with C to D for

30. Finding a job in such a big company has always been _D_ his wildest dreams.

A under B over C above D beyond

beyond one’s wildest dreams 做梦也想不到。

31. It is not easy to learn English well, but if you _C_, you will succeed in the end.

A hang up B hang about C hang on D hang onto

hang on 坚持，继续下去。

32. It is reported that _C_ adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.

A the most B most of C most D the most of

most单独出现的时候有两种词性要考虑：1 adv. 非常；2 adj. 大多数的。

the most后面加多音节的形容词或副词构成该句的最高级。

most of + 名词，表示这些名词中的大多数。make the most of 充分利用。

34. _D_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. [Were they to arrive=If they were to arrive]

A Had they arrived B Would they arrive C Were they arriving D Were they to arrive

35. The strong storm did a lot of damage to the coastal villages: several fishing boats were _A_ and many houses collapsed.

A wrecked B spoiled C torn D injured

collapse vi. 倒塌，坍塌；wreck vt. （船只）遭到破坏。

torn原形是tear，n. 眼泪，vt. 撕裂，撕开。

37. As _B_ announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.

A being B is C to be D been

注意两个非限定性定语从句的引导词：as, which。

which在做非限定性定语从句引导词时有两个特点：

1 which前要有逗号与前面句子分开；2 which引导非限定性定语从句指的是前面整句话的内容。

只要引导非限定性定语从句as和which都指一句话内容，区别在于which只能放在它所指那句话的后面，而as可以在前面也可以在后面。

38. You see the lightning _A_ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.

A the instant B for an instant C on the instant D in an instant

the instant=as soon as 一…就…

39. The manager lost his _B_ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.

A mood B temper C mind D passion

lose one’s temper 发脾气。

40. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _C_ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.

A are to challenge B may be challenged C have been challenged D are challenging

as表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以放在引导词之前构成部分倒装。

41. Please be careful when you are drinking coffee in case you _D_ the new carpet.

A crash B pollute C spot D stain

pollute vt. 污染；spot n. 地点，场所，斑点，污点；v. 使…上有斑点、污点。

spotted dog 斑点狗。stain v. 弄脏，玷污，染色。

59. The tomato juice left brown _A_ on the front of my jacket.

A spot B point C track D trace

42. I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem _B_ all the time.

A to get worse B to be getting worse C to have got worse D getting worse

all the time 始终，一直。

43. Convenience foods which are already prepared for cooking are _D_ in grocery stores.

A ready B approachable C probable D available

convenience foods 方便食品；instant coffee/noodle 速容咖啡/速食面。

ready adj. 准备好的；approachable adj. 可接近的，平易近人的，亲切的。

probable adj. 可能的；available adj. 可获得的，可利用的，可支配的。

44. When I caught him _A_ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

A cheating B cheat C to cheat D to be cheating

45.It is important thatenough money _A_ to fund the project.

A be collected B must be collected C was collected D can be collected

46. Some old people don't like pop songs because they can't _C_ so much noise.

A resist B sustain C tolerate D undergo

tolerate vt. 忍受，容忍；undergo vt. 经历，遭受。

48. _C_ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world. [at one time 曾经，一度]

A On B By C At D Of

49. _A_ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.

A Believe B To believe C Believing D Believed

believe it or not 信不信由你。creat a stir 引起轰动。

50. Mr. Morgan can be very sad _C_, though in public he is extremely cheerful.

A by himself B in person C in private D as individual