练 习 一
　　Directions: Read the underlined sentences carefully, and then translate them into Chinese. You may check your answers after you finish them.
　　Passage One
　　If women are mercilessly（无情地）exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only s women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe （衣柜） packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
　　Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered of raised, and so on.
　　No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability（耐用）. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in highheeled shoes.
　　When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide. Passage Two
　　For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives”（生理欲望）as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
　　It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
　　Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switch on” a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
　　Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble（发出咯咯声）” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
　　Passage Three
　　A breakthrough（突破）in the provision of energy from the sun for European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC’s research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.
　　The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community’s solar energy program, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as 3% of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
　　Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided 3% of the EEC’s needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it
　　might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Community’s future energy needs.

　　At present the EEC spends about $2.6 millions a year on solar research at Ispra, one of the EEC’s official joint research centres, and another 3 millions a year in indirect research with universities and other independent bodies.
　　Passage Four
　　The black robin （知更鸟）is one of the world’s rarest birds. It is a small, wild bird, and it lives only on the island of Little Mangere, off the coast of New Zealand. In 1967 there were about 50 black robins there; in 1977 there were fewer than ten. These are the only black robins left in the world. The island has many other birds, of course, of different kinds, large and small; they seem to multiply very happily.
　　Energetic（有力的，积极的）steps are being taken to preserve the black robin-to guard those remaining and to increase their number. Detailed studies are going on, and a public appeal for money has been made. The idea is to buy another island nearby as a special home, a “reserve”, for threatened wild life, including black robins. The organizers say that Little Mangere should then be restocked with the robin’s food-it eats only one kind of seed-and so renewed for it. Thousands of the required plants are at present being cultivated in New Zealand. The public appeal is aimed at the conscience of mankind, so that the wild black robin willl not die out and disappear from the earth in our time at least.
　　In the earth’s long, long past hundreds of kinds of creatures have evolved, risen to a degree of success-and died out. In the long, long future there will be many new and different forms of life. Those creatures that adapt themselves successfully to what the earth offers will survive for a long time. Those that fail to meet the challenges will disappear early. That is Nature’s proven method of operation.
　　The rule of selection-“the survival of the fittest” is the one by which man has himself arrived on the scene.
　　Life seems to have grown too tough for black robins.　　
　　参考译文:
　　1. 时装设计者很少关心衣服的暖和、舒服、耐用这些至关重要的问题。设计者在只对衣服的外观感兴趣的同时，利用了这样一个事实：即女人只要（穿上衣服）显得好看，就会忍受任何巨大的不舒适。
　　2. 巴帕萨克推断，根本不是光源信号点使这些婴儿感到欣喜，而是在解决难题、掌握技巧中所取得的成功令他们高兴，因而断定人类具有认识世界和有意识地控制世界的基本欲望。
　　3. 但他说，随着欧共体对这一研究工作所提供的资金数量在现有基础上适度增加，这种能源的供给在下一个十年后期是有可能取得突破的。
　　4. 那些能成功地适应地球所给予的一切的生物将长久地生存下来。那些不能适应生活挑战的生物在世界上将会很快灭绝。这是被证实了的大自然运行的方法。