白易礼：大学英语四级考试语法笔记15
日期:2008-10-07 21:59
(单词翻译:单击)
(5)现在进行时可表示将来。主要是表示“来，去，留，住，开始，结束 ”等意义的动词，如：come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。
We are going to Paris on Friday. We are leaving from London Airport. 我们星期五离开巴黎，我们从伦敦机场出发。
The poor dog is dying. 那条可怜的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning. 悲剧就要结束了/开始了。
4、现在完成时的用法
现在完成时强调的是现在的结果或影响，是个现在时态，不与明确表示过去某个时间的状语连用;常与 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+时间名词，in the last three years, in the past three years, so far (到目前为止)，up till now (直到现在)， up to the present (直到现在) 等包括现在在内的时间状态语连用。例如：
Where have you been this year? 今年你去过哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到现在已经发生了巨大变化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.
5、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示动作发生在过去某个时间或动作之前。如果发生有两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时：
It is five years since I left middle school.(以现在为依据) 我离开中学到现在已经有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school.(以过去为依据) 我离开中学到那时已经有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他们已经挣了两千五百万美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 电影已经开始几分钟了他才到电影院。
注意：动词 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图。例如：
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他们本希望能来看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想过(或我本想)在那里见她。
6、时态的呼应
时态的呼应也叫时态的一致，是指在复合句中，某些从句(主要是宾语从句等名词性从句)的时态常受主句时态的影响，因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。
(1)主句是现在时态或将来时时，从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他说他父亲是(过去是，将来要做)一个教师。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai. 他们会告诉你他们正住在上海/在上海住过/将住在上海/一直住在上海。
(2)主句是过去时态时，从句的时态要注意下列几点：
A. 从句与主句动作同时发生，从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I thought he studied hard. 我认为他学习努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告诉我他儿子在看电视。
B. 从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。例如：
He said he would post the letter. 他说他将要寄这封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候去参观长城。
C. 从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。例如：
He said he had posted the letter。 他说已经把信发了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他们问我以前去没去过那里。
We are going to Paris on Friday. We are leaving from London Airport. 我们星期五离开巴黎，我们从伦敦机场出发。
The poor dog is dying. 那条可怜的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning. 悲剧就要结束了/开始了。
4、现在完成时的用法
现在完成时强调的是现在的结果或影响，是个现在时态，不与明确表示过去某个时间的状语连用;常与 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+时间名词，in the last three years, in the past three years, so far (到目前为止)，up till now (直到现在)， up to the present (直到现在) 等包括现在在内的时间状态语连用。例如：
Where have you been this year? 今年你去过哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到现在已经发生了巨大变化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.
5、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示动作发生在过去某个时间或动作之前。如果发生有两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时：
It is five years since I left middle school.(以现在为依据) 我离开中学到现在已经有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school.(以过去为依据) 我离开中学到那时已经有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他们已经挣了两千五百万美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 电影已经开始几分钟了他才到电影院。
注意：动词 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图。例如：
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他们本希望能来看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想过(或我本想)在那里见她。
6、时态的呼应
时态的呼应也叫时态的一致，是指在复合句中，某些从句(主要是宾语从句等名词性从句)的时态常受主句时态的影响，因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。
(1)主句是现在时态或将来时时，从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他说他父亲是(过去是，将来要做)一个教师。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai. 他们会告诉你他们正住在上海/在上海住过/将住在上海/一直住在上海。
(2)主句是过去时态时，从句的时态要注意下列几点：
A. 从句与主句动作同时发生，从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I thought he studied hard. 我认为他学习努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告诉我他儿子在看电视。
B. 从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。例如：
He said he would post the letter. 他说他将要寄这封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候去参观长城。
C. 从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。例如：
He said he had posted the letter。 他说已经把信发了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他们问我以前去没去过那里。
