白易礼:大学英语四级考试语法笔记6
日期:2008-10-01 22:23
(单词翻译:单击)
4)他们正在看电视里的足球赛。
They are watching a football match on television.
5)他老爱开玩笑。
He is always joking.
6)我们从国外进口机器,我们在学习新的科学技术。
We import machines from abroad; we are learning new science and technology.
3、现在完成时
(1)构成:现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成,助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has,其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式 | 疑问式 |
I have not (haven’t) studied…. | Have I studied…? |
You have not (haven’t) studied…. | Have you studied…? |
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. | Has he studied…? |
否定疑问式 | 简单回答(肯定/否定) |
Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…? | Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. |
Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? | Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. |
Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? | Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. |
1)现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成,但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解,因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响,很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上,这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间,则一般用现在完成时;如果说明了动作发生的具体时间,带有表示过去的时间状语,则用一般过去时。例如:
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如:
I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意:
1)表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等,在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此,不能说:
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句话可以改为:
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes
2)have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较:
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了?(已经回来了)
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了?(人不在)
They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。(现在已经不在加拿大)
They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已经到加拿大).