Luis Lopez-Ramirez, a 30-year old Honduran immigrant, makes pizza.
路易斯·洛佩兹-拉米雷兹是一名卖披萨饼的洪都拉斯移民，现年30岁。
He has worked two jobs over 16 hours each day.
他打两份工，每天要工作超过16个小时。
He carefully saves his money and rents a small room in Washington, DC.
他小心翼翼地存起每一分钱，在华盛顿特区租住一个小房间。
He sends money back to Honduras to pay for the education of his two sons, whom he talks to every week by phone. He says he hopes to bring them to the U.S. to live with him one day.
他把钱寄回洪都拉斯供两个儿子上学，孩子们每周都跟他通电话。他说要是有一天孩子们能来美国和他一起住就好了。
The money he sends home also bought a small house in the village of Santa Barbara, Honduras. He will return some day, he says, and start a business.
他寄回家的钱也用来买洪都拉斯圣巴巴拉村里的一栋小房子。他说，他有一天会回去，经营自己的生意。
But he left Honduras because the economy is terrible and wages are very low.
但他离开了洪都拉斯，因为那里的经济不景气，工资很低。
"One pizza with all the toppings is the same price as one or two weeks of pay in Honduras," says Lopez-Ramirez.
"在洪都拉斯，一个全家福披萨要花上一两个星期的工资。"洛佩兹-拉米雷兹说。

The money he sends back to Honduras is an example of remittances. Remittances help build the economies of poor countries. And it can lessen the burden on government aid programs.
他寄回洪都拉斯的钱是汇款的一种。汇款可以帮助穷国发展经济，也可以减轻政府援助计划的压力。
Experts say that these remittances, or diaspora finance, can fuel growth and create jobs in the developing world.
专家表示，这些汇款又叫"移民汇款"，可以推进发展中国家的经济发展并创造就业机会。
Diasporas have "not only powered the development of the United States, but also hold the potential for transforming countries around the world," reports the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).
移民"不光推动了美国的发展，也保持了经济转轨国家的潜力。"美国国际开发总署（USAID）报告称。
That money has a huge impact on global economics. The diaspora sends 16 times more than official U.S. development assistance, or $581 billion in remittances around the world every year.
这些钱对全球经济有着巨大的影响。世界范围内的移民每年寄回去的钱达到了5810亿美元，是美国政府发展援助的17倍。
If the global diaspora were its own country, it would be the world's fourth-largest nation, according to USAID. There are about 230 million people who live outside their country of origin, including legal as well as illegal immigrants.
USAID认为，如果全世界移民组成一个国家，那将成为世界第四大国家。不居住在母国的移民一共有2.3亿人，这其中既有合法移民也有非法移民。
Here's an example of how diaspora finance works on the local level: Isis Salmerone, a 26-year old Salvadorean immigrant in Maryland, has lived in America for six years. She worked with the Latino Economic Development Center (LEDC) to raise $11,000 from the local Salvadorean community and other local residents.
举一个"移民汇款"在地方层面上的例子：爱西斯·萨尔默朗是马里兰州一名来自萨尔瓦多的移民，在美居住已经六年。她与拉美经济发展中心（LEDC）合作，向当地萨尔瓦多移民和其他当地居民募集11000美元。
Last month, she and a group of non-profit leaders and Salvadorean immigrants in Maryland travelled back to El Salvador and donated the money to a hospital in Morazan, El Salvador's poorest region.
上个月，她和一些非盈利机构领导人以及马里兰州的同乡回到了萨尔瓦多，把这笔钱捐给了萨尔瓦多最贫困地区——莫拉桑县的一家医院。
One-third of the population is foreign-born where Salmerone lives outside of Washington, D.C. Salvadoreans represent the largest group of those immigrants, according to Maryland's Department of Legislative Services.
在萨尔默朗所居住的华盛顿特区外围地区，有三分之一的人口是外来移民，其中萨尔瓦多裔移民是最大的群体。据马里兰州立法事务部的报告显示。
The U.S. State Department is promoting diaspora finance for international development. "We've gone from an era where power lived almost exclusively in old establishment hierarchies to an era where power lives in networks," says Secretary of State John Kerry.
美国国务院正在推进"移民汇款"，加速国际发展。"我们正从一个权力只在实体制度之中存在的时代，迈向一个权力也存在于网络中的时代。"美国国务卿约翰·克里说，
The World Bank also supports diaspora finance. Mahmoud Mohieldin is the president's special envoy at the World Bank in Washington, D.C. Dilip Ratha is head of the World Bank Migration and Remittances Unit.
世界银行也支持"移民汇款"。穆罕默德·穆哈丁是华盛顿特区世界银行的总统特使，迪利普·拉塔是世界银行移民与汇款部门主任。
They wrote that the remittances and savings of the diaspora are an "under-exploited resource." It could play an important role in global development, they wrote. Throughout history, people have sought opportunity in other countries. And, they send money to family and friends back home.
他们写道，"移民的汇款和储蓄是‘大大被低估的资源'"，这笔钱可以在世界发展中起到重要作用。纵观历史，人们总是在别国寻找机会，然后把钱寄回祖国的亲友那里。
Those who receive the remittances spend one-third on savings and investment, such as education, buying land or starting a new business. The remainder is spent on basic daily needs.
收到钱的人会把其中三分之一用于储蓄和投资，比如供孩子上学、买土地或者经营新的生意。剩下的钱用于日常开销。
"The challenge is to channel this income effectively," the authors say. They wrote that remittances tend to be larger in poor and small economies, and "often provide the main lifeline in fragile or conflict-affected countries." Diaspora funds can pay for health care, housing and businesses.
"现在的挑战是有效地为这种收入提供帮助。"作者们写道。他们认为，在穷国和小经济体的汇款量会越来越大，并且"往往成为易受争端影响的脆弱国家的主要经济命脉"。移民提供的资金可以提供卫生保健、购买住房以及经营生意。
Remittances have reduced poverty in countries like Ghana, Bangladesh and Nepal. They are a major source of funding in many African countries, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). African migrants send at least $40 billion in remittances to African nations every year.
汇款可以减轻加纳、孟加拉国和尼泊尔这样国家的贫困状态。根据国际货币基金组织（IMF）的报告，汇款也是很多非洲国家资金的主要来源。非洲移民每年会往回寄400亿美元的汇款。
Mohieldin and Ratha advocate the use of diaspora bonds to promote international development. The bonds could be in small amounts, such as $1,000, and carry interest rates of three percent to four percent.
穆哈丁和拉塔号召利用移民债券来促进国际发展。债券可以是小面额的（比如1000美元），利率大约在3%-4%左右。
To succeed, diaspora bonds must be linked to development in places "where there is sufficient trust in government," writes the World Bank authors. They should also be available to all investors, not just migrant savers, and be distributed widely.
世界银行的作者们认为，为了奏效，移民债券必须与"对政府充分信任的"地方的发展相关。它们必须对所有投资者而不仅仅是移民储户有效，而且要广泛发行。
That would enable large sums to be used for development at "low, stable interest rates," they write.
他们写道，这将使大量的钱以"低而稳定的利率"用于发展。
Some developing countries are already using diaspora bonds. Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda and Zimbabwe have issued bonds to their diasporas, according to the IMF.
一些发展中国家已经在使用移民债券了。根据IMF的报告，埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、卢旺达和津巴布韦已经向他们国家的移民发行了债券。
Costs prevent remittances from reaching their full potential. Kanayo Nwanze is president of the United Nations Fund for Agricultural Development. He writes that "the average cost of sending money home has come down to below eight percent from 15 percent over the last five years."
手续费限制了汇款发挥出最大的潜力。卡纳约·万泽是联合国农业发展基金会主席，他认为"近五年内，寄钱回家的平均手续费从15%下降到了不到8%。"
But in parts of Africa, costs can be above 12 percent. "Reducing these costs to three percent would put more than $20 billion annually in the pockets of migrants and their relatives," according to Nwanze.
但是在非洲的一些地方，手续费超过了12%。万泽说："把手续费减到3%，每年移民和他们的亲友的钱就能多出200亿美元。"
India has been a leader in the use of diaspora bonds. The Indian Diaspora Investment Initiative, launched in February this year, seeks to harness the funds of more than two million people in the Indian diaspora in the United States, reported Devex. Devex is a media platform for the global development community.
印度是发行移民债券的领头者之一。据"德维克"报道，今年二月开始实行的"印度移民投资计划"致力于善加利用在美国的超过200万印度移民的资金。"德维克"是全球发展共同体的一个媒体平台。
The Indian Diaspora Investment Initiative is a partnership between USAID and the Calvert Foundation, part of an investment firm in Maryland. Investors can purchase investment notes, sold in amounts as small as $20. Anyone can purchase the notes, although they are marketed to the Indian diaspora community.
"印度移民投资计划"是USAID和卡尔弗特基金会——隶属于马里兰州一家投资公司的机构——的合作项目。投资者可以购买投资债券，再以20美元的小面额卖出虽然是面向印度移民群体的，但是任何人都可以购买。
The notes will raise up to $10 million this year. The funds will be used to buy debt from Indian financial institutions, which will then lend to businesses in socially beneficial sectors like health, food security and education.
债券今年已经筹集到了1000万美元。这些资金将用于向印度金融机构购买债券，将会借钱给卫生、食品安全以及教育等社会福利领域的机构。
Manpreet Anand is USAID's deputy assistant administrator in the Asia Bureau. He tells Devex that the Indian initiative is the first project of its kind,and represents "a new model of development in the agency."
曼普利特·安纳德是USAID驻亚洲办事处的副助理署长。他在接受"德维克"采访时说，"印度移民投资计划"是第一个这种形式的项目，代表着"该机构一种新的发展模式"。
If the Indian model is successful, he says, "this can pave the way" and "be a model that is utilized in other countries around the world."
他说，如果印度模式成功了，"就可以铺平道路"并且"可以在世界上其他国家应用"。
I'm Mary Gotschall.
玛丽·高特肖为您报道。

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