(单词翻译:单击)
Sheep weren't always this fluffy. We fluffy-fied them by breeding the fluffiest in each generation. This is domestication: sculpting wild animals for better human use.
绵羊并不总是毛茸茸的。我们通过繁殖每一代最毛茸茸的绵羊使它们变得毛茸茸。这就是驯化：塑造野生动物以便人类更好地利用。
As we saw in Part 1, for early man, animals were powerful tools--food, clothing, transportation, tractors.
正如我们在第1部分中看到的，对于早期人类来说，动物是强大的工具——食物、衣服、交通工具、拖拉机。
Yet, though there were animals everywhere, only a handful were domesticated in the pre-modern world. What made these different?
然而，尽管到处都有动物，但在前现代世界，只有少数动物被驯化。是什么让它们与众不同？
Let's make a domestication checklist, shall we? First up: Feedable. A cow is a machine that turns grass into steaks and a tiger a machine that turns steaks into tiger.
让我们列一个驯化清单。首先：可喂养。牛是一台将草变成牛排的机器，老虎是一台将牛排变成老虎肉的机器。
Ten pounds of grass make a pound of steak. And ten pounds of steak make a pound of tiger. But these have the same number of calories.
十磅草可以做成一磅牛排。十磅牛排可以做成一磅老虎肉。但这些卡路里含量相同。
So you might as well just eat the cow and save yourself a lot of work. So pure carnivores: you're not going to domesticate, just because of thermodynamics.
所以你不妨直接吃牛，省去很多步骤。所以你不会驯化纯食肉动物，只是因为热力学。
You're looking for herbivores that aren't picky. They should eat something that's everywhere that you can't eat.
你要找的是不挑剔的食草动物。它们应该吃一些到处都有而你吃不到的东西。
Any omnivores better be happy eating whatever and better be super worth it. We are, however, putting the pig before the pen here because first we need to catch something that's friendly.
杂食动物最好能乐于吃任何东西，而且最好能物有所值。然而，我们在这里把猪放在了清单前面，因为我们首先需要抓一些友好的动物。
OK, obviously catching a carnivore is a bad idea anyway because their day job is murder. But plenty of omnivores like grizzleys moonlight in murder.
显然抓食肉动物是个坏主意，因为它们的日常工作是杀戮。但很多杂食动物，比如灰熊，兼职杀戮。
No safety in vegetarians either: buffalo are terrifying tanks for all the reasons mentioned before.
素食者也不安全：水牛是可怕的坦克，原因如上所述。
Hippos hold the murder high-score in Africa, giraffes look real dorky until you consider their striking range -- lions mostly leave them alone.
河马在非洲的杀戮率最高；长颈鹿看起来真的很傻，除非你考虑到它们的攻击范围——狮子大多不打扰它们。
Animals it would be awesome to domesticate are, not coincidentally, super dangerous.
驯养的动物很棒，但并非巧合的是，它们非常危险。
War bears would be a hell of an advantage for your tribe, but it's not going to happen.
战熊对你的部落来说是个极大的优势，但这不会发生。
And if it's big and not dangerous, it's a nervous wreck. Try sneaking up on a gazelle? Rhymes with "LOL".
如果它很大而且不危险，那就太紧张了。试着偷偷靠近瞪羚（gazelle）？与“LOL”押韵。
Sure, you and a team of buddies could spend the whole day marathon jogging it down to exhaustion,
当然，你和一队伙伴可以花一整天的时间慢跑，直到它筋疲力尽，
but if it doesn't break it's own neck as you try to drag it back home, then it's going to casually leap out of whatever pen you built for it.
但如果你在试图把它拖回家时它没有折断自己的脖子，那么它就会随意地从你为它建造的围栏中跳出来。
Ok, next up: some animals have reproductive preferences that make them incompatible with captivity. Looking at you, pandas.
有些动物有繁殖偏好，这使得它们不适合圈养。比如熊猫。
The time and energy humans have spent to get pandas to get on with it is comical.
人类为让熊猫适应而花费的时间和精力真是可笑。
Hunter-Gatherers need an animal so eager to breed, it gets it wrong sometimes.
狩猎采集者需要一种渴望繁殖的动物，有时会出错。
Not an animal whose mating seasons they have to keep careful track of. So: Friendly, Feedable and Fecund. It also needs to grow up fast.
不是他们必须仔细跟踪交配季节的动物。除了友好和可喂养，还要多产。它还需要快速成长。
This gets us to the heart of domestication versus taming. Again: to domesticate a species is to change it to make it better for us.
这让我们了解了驯养与驯服的核心。再次强调：驯化一个物种就是改变它，使它对我们更好。
And side note here: we domesticate plants as well. We've bred them to be monstrous versions of their wild selves.
附注：我们也驯化植物。我们把它们培育成了怪物。
So when hippies talk about going back to nature, they forget that these plants are just as man made as this pop-tart.
当嬉皮士谈论回归自然时，他们忘记了这些植物和这种流行馅饼一样都是人造的。
Anyway, back to the animals... The pig porkification project succeeded because pig generations are shorter than human generations.
无论如何，回到动物……猪的猪肉化项目之所以成功，是因为猪的世代比人类的世代短。
A single, clever human can make porky progress in their lifetime. Compare and contrast: Elephants.
一个聪明的人一生中就能长得像肥猪一样。和大象比较和对比一下。
Two years to make a calf, five years in between calves, nine years until female maturity, fifteen years for males? You've got to be kidding, Elephants.
生小象需要两年时间，小象之间间隔五年，雌性成熟需要九年，雄性需要十五年？驯养大象，你一定是在开玩笑。
There's no time for this. But humans can still tame elephants. You can catch an elephant, and train it not to freak out around humans. Then, put it to work.
没有时间这样做。但人类仍然可以驯服大象。你可以抓一头大象，训练它不要在人类周围发疯。然后，让它工作。
But elephant domestication would require accurate records over several human lives, never mind that keeping one or two tamed elephants around is incredibly costly,
但驯养大象需要对几个人的生活进行准确的记录，更不用说养一两头驯服的大象是非常昂贵的，
which is why war elephants only happened on occasion in already complex societies.
这就是为什么战象只会在已经很复杂的社会中偶尔发生。
Tame elephants are a luxury, hence this rule of thumb: if it's on farm, it's domesticated, if it's in a circus, it's tame. Finally: families. OK: zebra vs horses.
驯养大象是一种奢侈品，因此有一条经验法则：如果是在农场，那就是驯养的，如果是在马戏团，那就是驯服的。最后：科。比如斑马与马。
Horses are civilization game-changers -- it's remarkable to think that from thousands BC until the telegraph. A dude on a horse was the best internet available.
马是文明的改变者——从公元前几千年到电报出现，想想都令人惊叹。骑马的人是最好的互联网。
Horses were domesticated in Eurasia, but humans started in Africa which has Zebra.
马是在欧亚大陆驯养的，但人类是从有斑马的非洲开始的。
Why didn't the first humans ride out of Africa on the backs of zebra to conquer the world? Because zebra are bastards.
为什么第一批人类没有骑着斑马走出非洲去征服世界？因为斑马是混蛋。
They live to kick and bite: dangerous in a pre-penicillin world. And zebra also have a ducking reflex making them very frustrating to lasso.
它们活着就是为了踢和咬：在青霉素出现之前的世界里，这是很危险的。而且斑马也有躲闪的反射，这使得套索它们非常令人沮丧。
In addition to being a real pain in the ass animal, Zebra lack a family structure.
斑马除了是真正令人讨厌的动物之外，还缺乏家庭结构。
Horse herds hierarchy -- you can see it when they travel in a line: the male, top female, her foals, second female, her foals, and so on.
马群有等级制度——当它们排成一排时，你可以看到这一点，依次是：雄性、最年长的雌性、它的幼崽、第二只雌性、它的幼崽，等等。
Humans, by capturing and taming the lead male, become head horse.
人类通过捕获和驯服领头的雄性，成为领头马。
Lots of barnyard animals are barnyard animals because they have family values humans exploit --
许多农场动物之所以是农场动物，是因为它们具有人类利用的家庭价值观——
they just grow up with the idea that this human is a funny sort of take-charge cow or whatever. No big deal.
它们只是在成长过程中认为这个人类是一头有趣的掌权的牛或什么的。没什么大不了的。
Chickens will peck, peck, peck until they've worked out who's top chicken. But you know whose really top chicken? We're top chicken.
鸡会啄啊啄啊啄，直到它们弄清楚谁是头号鸡。但你知道谁才是真正的头号鸡吗？我们才是头号鸡。
Dogs and cats: this is what makes them different. Dogs will love you and defend you and hunt with you because you're part of the pack.
狗和猫的不同之处在于：狗会爱你、保护你、和你一起狩猎，因为你是群体的一部分。
Dogs live to be useful to us -- which in the modern world means falling over to play dead -- but they love it "Bang! Good girl. Good girl!"
狗活着是为了对我们有用——在现代世界中，这意味着倒地装死——但它们喜欢这样“砰！好女孩。好女孩！”
Whereas a cat is a tiny tiger that lives in your house. Ok, back to these guys. For zebra, there's no such thing as society.
而猫是住在你家里的小老虎。好吧，回到这些家伙。对于斑马来说，没有社会这样的东西。
They hang out in groups because it's a good survival strategy but they don't really care.
它们成群结队，因为这是一种很好的生存策略，但它们并不真的在乎。
Catch a zebra and his family won't follow, try to ride him and you'll be lucky to keep your fingers. Zebra look like horses on the outside, but not on the inside.
抓到一只斑马，它的家人不会跟着，试着骑它，你能保住手指就算幸运了。斑马外表看起来像马，但内心却不是。
So that's the checklist: Friendly - Feedable - Fecund - Family Friendly. It's not a long checklist, but for Hunter-Gatherers, any animal they wanted to domesticate needed everything,
驯养清单如下：友好、可喂养、多产、家庭友好。这份清单并不长，但对于狩猎采集者来说，他们想要驯养的任何动物都需要具备以上四点，
which is why in early human history only a bakers dozen of big animals were domesticated the world over.
这就是为什么在早期人类历史上，全世界只有十几种大型动物被驯养。
