(单词翻译:单击)
Allergic Rhinitis
过敏性鼻炎
"Rhin" comes from Greek word, meaning "nose", and "itis" means inflammation.
“Rhin”来自希腊语，意思是“鼻子”，“itis”的意思是炎症。
So it means "Inflammation of the Nose" and "Allergic" means it's caused by allergens.
所以它的意思就是“鼻子发炎”而“过敏”的意思是，它由过敏原引起。
Allergens are anything harmless (or neutral) that can be inhaled in air by nose and trigger excessive immune reaction.
过敏原是空气中任何可以通过鼻子吸入并引发过度免疫反应的无害（或中性）物质。
Common examples of allergens include pollen and dust.
常见的过敏原包括花粉和灰尘。
Once inside nose, they will meet immune system, particularly Mast cells attached to IgE antibodies.
一旦进入鼻子，它们就会碰到免疫系统，特别是附着于IgE抗体的肥大细胞。
Allergen will bind to IgE antibody which will then activate and alert Mast cells.
过敏原会与IgE抗体结合，然后激活并向肥大细胞发送警示信号。
In a normal person, the reaction is minimal.
在正常人的体内，这种反应是微小的。
But in those suffering from Allergic rhinitis, this cell over-reacts big time.
但在过敏性鼻炎患者体内，这种细胞会严重过度反应。
It signals to all cells in surrounding by releasing histamine.
它通过释放组胺向周围的所有细胞发出信号。
Histamine will now cause inflammation and swelling up of nasal mucosa which will then cause excessive mucus production.
组胺会引起鼻黏膜的炎症和肿胀，从而产生过多的粘液。
This results in Nasal Drip.
这就产生了鼻涕。
This excessive mucus production will block two very important structures opening in nose.
过多的粘液分泌会阻塞鼻子中两个非常重要的开口结构。
1.Nasolacrimal duct: the purpose of this duct is to drain tears from eyes into nose.
1.鼻泪管：这个管的作用是把眼泪从眼睛排到鼻腔。
But once blocked by excessive mucus production by allergic rhinitis, now you will start having watery eyes.
但一旦它被过敏性鼻炎产生的过多粘液堵塞，你就会开始流泪。
2.Eustachian Tube: This drains drainage from middle ear.
2.咽鼓管：它负责从中耳引流。
With it blocked too by excessive mucus production by allergic rhinitis, now you will have stuffed ears sensation too.
由于过敏性鼻炎产生的粘液过多也会堵塞你的耳朵，所以你也会有耳塞的感觉。
Finally, the nerves in nasal cavity will start getting irritated and lead to sneezing.
最后，鼻腔中的神经会开始受到刺激，导致打喷嚏。
All of it will lead to difficulty in breathing for person suffering from Allergic rhinitis.
所有这些都会导致过敏性鼻炎患者呼吸困难。
To summarize, allergic rhinitis will lead to:
综上所述，过敏性鼻炎会导致：
1: The swelling and congestion of nasal mucosa
1：鼻黏膜肿胀充血
2: Watery eyes
2：流泪
3: Stuffed ears
3：耳朵堵塞
4: Nasal drip (due to excessive mucus production)
4：鼻涕（由于粘液分泌过多）
5: Sneezing
5：打喷嚏
6: Difficulty breathing
6：呼吸困难
For Diagnosis of Allergic Rhinitis:
过敏性鼻炎的诊断：
1.Patient History
1.病史
Usually the person complains of all symptoms mentioned above and if the timing of these symptoms is specific and seasonal, then we can easily reach a diagnosis of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
通常情况下，患者会抱怨出现上述所有症状，如果这些症状出现的时间是特定的和季节性的，那么我们很容易将其诊断为季节性过敏性鼻炎。
2.Skin Prick Testing
2.皮肤点刺测试
In this test, allergen is introduced using a skin prick and reaction of body is seen to confirm allergy to a particular allergen.
在这个测试中，通过皮肤点刺引入过敏原，身体的反应被认为是对特定过敏原过敏。
3.Blood Tests
3.验血
A.Total blood eosinophil count
A.血液中嗜酸性粒细胞总数
As with the total serum IgE, an elevated eosinophil count supports the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.
与血清总IgE一样，嗜酸性粒细胞总数升高支持变应性鼻炎的诊断。
B.Total serum IgE
B.血清总IgE
This is a measurement of the total level of IgE in the blood.
这是对血液中总IgE水平的测量。
An elevated serum IgE level supports allergic rhinitis diagnosis.
血清IgE水平升高支持变应性鼻炎的诊断。
This test can be performed using Radio Allergo Sorbent Method, hence, it is also called as RAST test.
该测试可以使用Radio Allergo Sorbent Method法进行，因此也被称为RAST测试。
4.Nasal Smear Test
4.鼻腔涂片测试
A nasal smear can sometimes be helpful for establishing the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.
鼻腔涂片有时有助于确定变应性鼻炎的诊断。
A sample of secretions and cells is scraped from the surface of the nasal mucosa using a special sampling probe.
用一种特殊的取样探针从鼻黏膜表面刮取分泌物和细胞样本。
Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis is achieved by targeting different steps in pathway to allergy:
过敏性鼻炎的治疗是通过针对过敏途径中的不同步骤来实现的：
1.Avoid Allergens
1.避免过敏原
This can be done by taking precautionary measures to avoid exposure.
可以通过采取预防措施来避免暴露。
For example, wearing face masks in pollen season.
例如，在花粉季节戴口罩。
2.Decrease inflammation
2.消炎
This can be achieved by steroids applied directly to nasal mucosa.
这可以通过直接应用于鼻黏膜的类固醇来实现。
3.Anti-Histamines
3.抗组胺
These target the action of histamines by blocking the histamine receptors, thus stopping the action of histamine.
这些分子通过阻断组织胺受体来靶向组胺的作用，从而阻止组胺的行动。
4.Mast Cell stabilizers
4.肥大细胞稳定剂
Mast cell stabilizers are common medications used to prevent or control certain allergic disorders.
肥大细胞稳定剂是用于预防或控制某些过敏性疾病的常用药物。
They block a calcium channel essential for mast cell degranulation, stabilizing the cell, and thereby preventing the release of histamine.
它们阻断肥大细胞脱颗粒所必需的钙通道，稳定细胞，从而阻止组胺的释放。
5.Immunotherapy
5.免疫疗法
When you get immunotherapy in the form of allergy shots, your allergist or doctor injects small doses of substances that you are allergic to (allergens) under your skin.
当你接受过敏注射的免疫治疗时，你的过敏症专科医师或医生会在你的皮肤下注射小剂量的你所过敏的物质(过敏原)。
This helps your body "get used to" the allergen, which can result in fewer or less severe symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
这有助于你的身体“适应”过敏原，从而减少或减轻过敏性鼻炎的症状。
