“神学界之王”托马斯·阿奎那
日期:2021-01-20 11:40

(单词翻译:单击)

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It seems at first weird that we might learn from Thomas Aquinas.

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我们刚开始向托马斯·阿奎那学习时可能会觉得很奇怪*pt)FJtzB[R

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He was a medieval saint,

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他是一位中世纪的圣人,

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who was reputed to have levitated and had visions of the Virgin Mary.

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据说他曾漂浮在空中,并见过圣母玛利亚的幻象Uc#=o1fP1H4Abx85

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He was much concerned with explaining how angels speak and move.

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他对解释天使的言行很感兴趣giuGLk2bNBME9cf

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And yet, he continues to matter

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然而,他仍然很重要,

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because he helps us with the problem which continues to bedevil us:

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因为他帮助我们解决了困扰我们的问题:

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how we can reconcile religion with science, and faith with reason.

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我们如何使宗教与科学、信仰与理性相协调=aK|qf;*jx.Q

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Aquinas was both a philosopher and a saint.

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阿奎那既是哲学家又是圣人4dUlHh&!i,vTK[@

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Refusing either to lose his faith or mindlessly believe,

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他既不放弃信仰,也不盲目相信,

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he developed a new understanding of the place of reason in human life.

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他对理性在人类生活中的地位有了新的认识64SgOOG#Lu4,tTCx&

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Aquinas's monumental contribution was to teach Western Europeans civilisation

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阿奎那的巨大贡献是教导西欧社会,

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that any human being, not just a Christian,

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任何人,不仅仅是基督徒,

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could have access to great truths, whenever they made use of God's greatest gift to human beings: reason.

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只要他们利用好上帝给人类最伟大的礼物:理性,就可以获得伟大的真理SuuFcMDIm5y

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Aquinas broke a logjam in Christian thinking -

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阿奎那打破了基督教思维的僵局——

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the question of non-Christians could have both wisdom

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非基督徒可能既有智慧,

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and at the same time, no interest in or even knowledge of Jesus.

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又同时对耶稣没有兴趣,甚至不了解~E9zVW5iGP

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Aquinas universalised intelligence.

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阿奎那普及了智慧JO|j8u7k3APINi3b

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He opened the Christian minds to the insights of all of humanity from across the ages and the continents.

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让基督教思想接受所有人的思考,无论年龄,不限地域7KJ*6Rm~uq.[|MA

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The modern world,

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多亏阿奎那,现代世界才坚信,

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insofar as it insists that good ideas can come from any quarter,

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伟大的想法可以来自任何地方,

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regardless of creed or background, remains hugely in Aquinas' debt.

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无论信仰或背景JUR+~_|hHE%ZG|kN

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Thomas Aquinas was born to a noble family in Italy in 1225.

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托马斯·阿奎那1225年出生于意大利的一个贵族家庭#ALBXs^4rW1-dKD

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As a young man, he went to study at the University of Naples

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年轻时,他到那不勒斯大学学习,

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and there came into contact with a source of knowledge which had just then been rediscovered -

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在那里接触到一种刚刚被重新发现的知识来源——

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the texts of ancient Greek and Roman authors.

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古希腊和罗马作家的著作iwObt^T(QzvMT,0DzU-

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Aquinas then became an academic at the University of Paris and an exceptionally prolific writer,

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阿奎那后来成为巴黎大学的一名学者和一位非常多产的作家,

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producing nearly 200 pieces about Christian theology in less than three decades.

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在不到30年的时间里创作了近200篇有关基督教神学的作品4~guCgoQ!@D

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His books bear beautiful and strange titles,

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他的书有着美丽而奇怪的标题,

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like the Summa Theologica, and Summa Contra Gentiles.

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比如《神学大全》和《反异教大全》f9bI-%wLj@

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Such was his devotion to knowledge even at the moment of his death at the age of 49,

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即使在他49岁去世的那一刻,他依旧热爱知识,

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Aquinas was reputed to have been in the middle of writing an extended commentary on the Song of Songs.

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据说他去世前正撰写一篇关于《诗经》的长篇评论+~mwf;qr17H

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After he died, he was canonised in the Catholic church

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他死后,被封为天主教堂的圣徒,

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and he is now the "patron saint of teachers".

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现在他是“教师的守护神”JYUfFCTFR@RgWC

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Aquinas's starting point was that some of the world's greatest thinkers have not been Christian,

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阿奎那的启蒙者是世界上一些最伟大的思想家不是基督徒,

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but this didn't bar them from having huge insights,

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但这并不妨碍他们有巨大的见解,

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because, as Aquinas proposed,

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因为正如阿奎那所提出的,

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the world can be usefully explored through reasons and not just through faith.

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世界可以通过理性而不仅仅是通过信仰来有益地探索nVvBPbY2rVsTWzg8

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To explain how this could work,

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为了解释这是如何运作的,

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Aquinas brilliantly proposed that universe and all its dynamics operate according to two kinds of law

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阿奎那巧妙地提出宇宙及其动态运作靠的是两种法则=@fAk(|_QN9t6VR!89wi

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For Aquinas, a lot of the world follows natural laws.

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阿奎那认为,世界上大多数人都遵循自然规律yJI!ikgzsguav^vk!n]

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We can find out for ourselves how to smelt iron,

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我们可以自己发现如何炼铁,

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build an aqueduct,

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建造一条水渠,

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or organise an economy.

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或者规划经济体wkA9]hf1Oy*3,v

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And none of these relies on believing in God.

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这些都不依赖于对上帝的信仰hP2R,h29M*E*P!Y1e,

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Aquinas discussed Jesus is in junction to

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阿奎那谈到耶稣的戒令

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Jesus may have given this idea

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阿奎那认为,这一思想

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a particular memorable formulation, considered Aquinas,

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或许在经过耶稣的系统阐述后 很容易记住

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but it's in fact been a cornerstone of moral principles in most societies at most times.

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但事实上它是大多数社会在大多数时候道德原则的基石n[SD]m_Yp[008Z

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How could this be possible?

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怎么会这样呢?

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Well, the reason, Aquinas argued,

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好吧,原因是,阿奎那认为,

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is that it's an idea that belongs to natural and not eternal law.

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这一思想属于自然法则,而非永恒法则

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Aquinas considered that in a few situations

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阿奎那认为,在一些情况下,

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God does works simply through eternal law, outside of human reason.

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上帝只是采用了永恒法则,不在人类理性的理解范围内YXs~&-Oq!j9

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And he cited prophetic revelations and the visits of angels as examples.

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他以先知的启示和天使的来访为例jnFULvs5nP|2-*b

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However, he reassured us

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然而,他向我们保证,

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the most useful knowledge can be found by atheists and secular-minded people within the realm of natural law.

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无神论者和世俗主义者可以在自然法则领域找到最有用的知识-]eTPHABB5

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Aquinas's ideas unfolded at a time when Islamic culture was going through very similar dilemmas as Christianity

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阿奎那的思想是在伊斯兰文化和基督教一样陷入困境时出现的,

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in terms of how one can reconcile reason and faith.

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他的思想针对如何调和理性和信仰的问题jn[ZHekhZQJ#-e~=0N

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For a long time the Islamic caliphates in Spain, Morocco and Egypt had flourished by being open to knowledge from all over the world,

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很长一段时间以来,西班牙、摩洛哥和埃及的伊斯兰哈里发通过汲取世界各地的知识而蓬勃发展,

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generating a wealth of new scientific ideas and philosophy.

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产生了大量新的科学思想和哲学dI,siN[S6r

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However, due to the increasing influence of fanatical religious leaders,

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然而,由于狂热的宗教领袖的影响越来越大,

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Islam had become more dogmatic and oppressive by the time Aquinas was born.

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伊斯兰教在阿奎那出生时变得更加教条和压迫*L1YrI_MZRjpBdEh0

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It had, for example, reacted violently against the Muslim philosopher Averroes.

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例如,他们对穆斯林哲学家阿弗罗斯没有一丝宽容^g@ufaM@2k(s;V-,

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Like Aquinas, Averroes's been deeply influenced by Aristotle,

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和阿奎那一样,阿维罗斯深受亚里士多德的影响,

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and had argued that reason and religion could be compatible.

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他认为理性和宗教可以兼容lGr*l,7Lzk6RtT

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However, the caliphates, anxious never to depart from the literal words of God,

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然而,哈里发人急于永不偏离上帝的字面意思,

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made sure that Averroes's ideas would be banned and his books burned.

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他们禁了阿维罗斯的思想,烧了他的书

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Aquinas knew that the Muslim world's increasingly radical rejection of reason

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阿奎那知道,穆斯林世界对理性日益激进的排斥

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was harming what had once been its thriving intellectual culture.

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正在损害其曾经欣欣向荣的知识文化JB*YMzHNUv|R8[Q

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And it was overwhelmingly thanks to Aquinas's ideas

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多亏了阿奎那的思想

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that Christianity did not suffer the same process of stultification.

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基督教才没有像那样的愚昧cc*1y&8.mr6-UYx

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Though Aquinas was a man of deep faith,

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虽然阿奎那是一个有着深厚信仰的人,

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he provided a philosophical framework for open scientific inquiry.

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但他为开放的科学研究提供了一个哲学框架gk.#THwt_t21

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He reminds us that knowledge can and should come from multiple sources,

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他提醒我们,知识可以而且应该来自多种来源,

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from intuition but also from rationality,

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来自直觉,但也来自理性,

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from science but also from revelation,

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来自科学,但也来自启示,

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from pagans but also from monks,

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来自异教,但也来自僧侣,

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that sounds obvious,

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这似乎是显而易见的

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until we notice just

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直到我们注意到,

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how often civilisation has been and is still being harmed by people's refusal to take this brilliant idea on board.

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很多人拒绝接受这一辉煌的想法,致使文明已经并仍然经常受到伤害RGw#uwihEiD^

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