(单词翻译:单击)
Back in World War One, British soldiers wore a helmet called a Brodie helmet,
早在第一次世界大战时，英国士兵就戴着一种叫做布洛迪钢盔的头盔。
which basically looked like an upside-down mixing bowl.
这种头盔看起来像是一个倒置的搅拌碗。
Any helmet is better than none, but this helmet in particular had some fatal design flaws,
带头盔总比没有好，但是这个头盔有一些致命的设计缺陷。
including the fact that it left the back of the soldier's skull completely exposed—right over the part of the brain responsible for vision.
比如，它让士兵的颅骨后部完全暴露，这部分是大脑负责视觉的部分。
But similar-looking helmets were pretty common at the time, including in other countries and wars.
但类似的头盔在当时相当普遍，在其他国家和战争中也是如此。
And during the wars of the early 20th century, many soldiers were shot in the exposed area.
20世纪初的战争中，许多士兵在无屏障地带中枪。
But in spite of the fact that they suffered irreparable brain damage, many of them lived—and went on to be treated and studied by doctors.
尽管他们遭受了无法弥补的脑损伤，但许多人活了下来，继续接受医生的治疗和研究。
Because of that, these injuries led to an enormous breakthrough in neuroscience
正因为如此，这些损伤引发了神经科学的一个巨大突破，
- an accurate brain map of our sense of vision that's on par with the most sophisticated maps we can produce with modern technology.
即精确的大脑视觉图谱。它与我们用现代技术制作的最复杂的图谱不相上下。
It might sound unusual that so many soldiers survived wounds like this,
这么多士兵在受伤后幸存下来，听起来可能很不寻常。
but that had a lot to do with another technology of war: bullets.
但这与另一种战争技术有很大关系：子弹。
Towards the end of the 19th century, bullet designs went from round to cylindrical, and guns were able to shoot them at higher speeds.
19世纪末，子弹的设计从圆形变为圆柱形，枪支能够以更高的速度射出子弹。
That meant they entered the body more cleanly.
这意味着子弹能够更利索地进入人体。
So instead of causing a bunch of peripheral brain damage like older bullets did,
因此，这些子弹通常只在经过的特定区域造成损伤，
they often produced damage only in the specific region the bullet had passed through.
而不像老式子弹那样造成一系列的脑损伤。
And because of the shape of helmets at the time,
由于当时头盔的形状，
many of these gunshot wounds damaged the visual cortex, the area of the occipital lobe where we process vision.
许多枪伤都破坏视觉皮层，也就是处理视觉的枕叶区域。
So, while many soldiers lived, they often lost some aspect of their vision.
所以，尽管许多士兵还幸存下来，但他们往往会失去某些方面的视力。
During the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 and '05, the Japanese doctor Tatsuji Inouye noticed that,
在1904年和1905年的日俄战争期间，日本医生井上達也（Tatsuji Inouye）注意到，
in general, soldiers with these injuries weren't completely blind, even though many of them had impaired vision.
一般来说，有这些损伤的士兵并不会完全失明，不过他们中的许多人视力受损。
And after a while, he started to notice a pattern between where in the brain a soldier had been shot and the problems they had with their vision.
过了一段时间，他开始注意到士兵大脑中枪的部位，与其视力问题之间存在的一种模式。
Inouye decided to try and map out these connections.
井上達也决定，试着找出这些联系。
He invented a measurement tool called a cranio-coordinometer,
他发明了一种称为颅坐标计的测量工具。
which helped draw a straight line from the entry wound to the exit wound and approximate which brain tissues were affected.
这种工具能帮助从伤口入口点到出口点画一条直线，并大致估计出受到影响的脑组织。
Then, to figure out patients' symptoms, he had a target on the wall with four quadrants,
后来，他为了找出病人的症状，在墙上画出一个有四个象限的靶子。
and he tested the soldiers to see which regions were visible to them.
他对士兵进行测试，看他们能看到哪些区域。
In total, he studied 29 soldiers.
他总共研究了29名士兵。
And in 1909, he published a report with his findings.
1909年，他发表一份含有这些发现的报告。
Which were… surprisingly significant, considering that today, we're used to studying the brain with fancy, super expensive machines.
其意义重大，想想我们现在，都是习惯了用奇特、超昂贵的机器来研究大脑。
In it, he identified the part of the brain responsible for seeing things at the center of your visual field, what's called foveal vision.
在这份报告中，他确定出大脑中负责观察视野中心的部分，即中央窝视觉。
He also reported that outside that region, the brain works to process things in your peripheral vision.
他还报告说，在该区域之外，大脑可以处理外围视觉中的事物。
Inouye's work unfortunately didn't get a ton of attention at the time, but it did lay the groundwork for researchers who came after him.
遗憾的是，井上達也的研究在当时并未获得足够关注，但它确实为后来的研究者奠定了基础。
Notably, a few years later, in World War One,
值得注意的是，几年后，在第一次世界大战中，
an Irish physician named Gordon Holmes built on Inouye's work with new data from the soldiers he treated.
一位名叫戈登·霍姆斯的爱尔兰内科医生利用自己治疗过的士兵，在井上達也的研究之上填补了新数据。
Holmes placed a circular map on the wall and had soldiers report which part of it they couldn't see anymore.
霍姆斯在墙上放置一张圆形图谱，让士兵报告他们看不到的地方。
And like Inouye, he noticed that his patients' pattern of blindness seemed to be linked to the location of their injuries.
他和井上達也一样，注意到他的病人的失明模式似乎与受伤部位有关。
Over time, Holmes worked with a few other doctors to gather enough reports to draw a map of the brain.
随着时间的推移，霍姆斯和其他几位医生一起收集了足够多的报告，绘制出一幅大脑图谱。
Holmes' map expanded on the one Inouye had made and included more detail about
霍姆斯的图谱在井上達也制作的图谱基础之上进行了扩展，
how the brain processes information in the center of your visual field.
包括大脑如何在视野中心处理信息的更多细节。
And researchers found it nice and accessible.
研究人员发现它很精细，而且容易理解。
So, before long, it was pretty popular.
所以不久，这张图谱就受到人们的欢迎。
I mean, as far as maps of the brain go, anyway.
我的意思是，就大脑图而言是这样的。
In addition to the map, Holmes also wrote detailed reports about some phenomena that he didn't entirely understand at the time.
除了图谱，霍姆斯还编写出一些他当时不完全理解的现象的详细报告。
For instance, one patient had trouble keeping his eyes fixed on moving objects.
例如，有个病人的眼睛在盯着移动物体时出现困难。
He also didn't have a blink reflex, and he couldn't reach out and touch objects precisely, even though he could see them.
他也没有眨眼反射，无法准确地接触物体，即使他能看到这些物体。
Holmes didn't know exactly what to make of that, but he wasn't the only one seeing cases like this.
霍姆斯不知道该怎么进行解释，但他不是唯一一个看到这种情况的人。
A Scottish physician named George Riddoch, who was working with soldiers around the same time, recorded some similar cases.
一位名叫乔治·里多克的苏格兰医生，当时也在同士兵们一起工作，他记录了一些类似的病例。
For instance, he described how some patients could detect motion, but had lost the ability to see discrete shapes and colors.
例如，他描述了一些病人能察觉到运动，但却失去了看到离散形状和颜色的能力。
So they were basically blind, but they could see things if they were moving.
因此，他们基本上失明了，但如果物体在移动，他们就能看到了。
As a result, Riddoch suggested that the visual cortex didn't just process different regions of sight,
因此，多克认为，视觉皮层不仅仅处理不同的视觉区域，
like foveal or peripheral vision, but completely different aspects of sight.
比如中央窝视觉或外围视觉，还能处理完全不同的视觉方面。
In other words, things like motion, shape, and color all seemed to be linked to different parts of the brain.
换句话说，像运动、形状和颜色等等，似乎都与大脑的不同部分有关。
Which is kind of amazing when you consider how unified all those aspects of vision seem when you see, say, a car drive by.
比如，你看到一辆车经过时，会发现所有这些方面的视觉非常统一，这真是太不可思议了。
This concept is called functional partitioning.
这个概念被称为功能分区。
And today, we know it's a major factor in how the brain processes all our senses.
今天，我们知道这是大脑处理所有感官的一个重要因素。
But at the time, it was a pretty radical idea.
但在当时，这是一种相当激进的想法。
Even Holmes, who'd done all that work mapping the brain,
霍姆斯已经完成了所有大脑图谱的绘制工作。
didn't accept Riddoch's conclusion that things like shape and color were separate in your brain.
即使是他，也并未接受里多克的结论，即形状和颜色在大脑中是分开的。
But Riddoch was right, and his findings gave us a huge new insight into how the brain works.
然而，多克是对的，他的发现向我们展现出关于大脑如何工作的全新见解。
In fact, the precise maps all these wartime doctors made kicked off even more research to learn how the rest of the senses
事实上，所有这些战时医生制作的精确图谱开启了更多的研究，
—like smell, touch, and hearing—are processed in the brain, especially as better technology became available.
以了解其他感官如嗅觉、触觉和听觉如何在大脑中进行处理，特别是出现了更好的技术。
And what's bonkers is that in spite of today's cutting-edge technology, our modern map of vision
令人抓狂的是，尽管当今技术很先进，但我们现代的视觉图谱
is not much better than the one those 20th-century doctors made with pencils and paper.
并不比那些20世纪时医生用铅笔和纸张制作的图谱好多少。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢收看本期《心理科学秀》！
And a special thanks to our patrons on Patreon, who make it possible for us to create episodes like this.
特别感谢Patreon上的赞助人，是他们让我们能够制作出这样的视频。
Everything you contribute goes toward making science education free on the internet, and we couldn't do it without you!
你所做的一切使得我们在互联网上能进行免费的科学教育，我们不能没有你！
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如果你不是赞助人，但希望了解如何支持《科学秀》节目，
find out more at patreon.comSciShow.
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