(单词翻译:单击)
When it comes to strokes, doctors often say "time is brain," meaning that the more time that passes before a stroke is identified and treated, the more damage it can do.
说到中风，医生常说“时间就是大脑”，也就是说，在确诊和治疗中风之前度过的时间越长，它所造成的损害就越大。
Which is why medical professionals want everyone to know how to spot a stroke F.A.S.T.
这就是为什么医学专家希望大家都知道如何尽快发现中风。
Weakness in the Face or Arm?
面部或手臂虚弱？
Speech problems?
语言问题？
Time to call 911.
该打911了。
But even with rapid action, there can be lasting damage.
但即使快速采取行动，也会造成持久性损害。
So researchers are looking for better ways to help stroke patients, and that's led to some kind of creative ideas.
因此，研究人员正在寻找更好的方法来帮助中风患者，从而出现了一些颇具创造性的想法。
A stroke happens when part of the brain's blood supply is cut off.
大脑的一部分血液供应被切断时，就会发生中风。
The lack of blood flow means some of the tissue stops receiving oxygen.
血流不足意味着一些组织停止吸氧。
So it essentially suffocates and starts to die.
所以，组织基本上窒息并开始死亡。
That leads to neurological symptoms, like slurred speech and weak limbs.
这会导致出现神经系统症状，比如说话含糊不清、四肢无力。
And when brain cells die, losses to function can be permanent.
脑细胞死亡时，其功能丧失可能是永久性的。
It'd be great to just never have these things happen.
最好别让这些事发生。
Unfortunately, stopping strokes entirely isn't likely.
不幸的是，完全停止中风是不可能的。
The trouble is, there are two main types of strokes.
问题是，中风主要有两种类型。
About 15% of strokes are hemorrhagic strokes, which is when a burst blood vessel leads to bleeding in the brain, which disrupts the normal flow of blood to the surrounding brain tissue.
大约15%的中风是出血性中风，即血管破裂导致大脑出血，从而扰乱血液流向周围脑组织的正常流动。
Most strokes, however, fall under the banner of ischemic attacks, which means a blood clot obstructs blood flow to part of the brain.
然而，大多数中风都属于缺血性发作的范畴，这意味着血凝块阻碍血液流向大脑的部分区域。
That means, to stop all strokes, you'd need to make it so people have blood vessels that never fail or clog.
这意味着，要阻止所有中风，需要使人们的血管永不衰竭或堵塞。
And that's just not really possible.
但这是不可能的。
So instead, scientists are looking at ways to minimize the damage strokes cause.
因此，科学家们正在寻找减少中风造成损害的方法。
And they've gotten pretty creative about it.
他们对此也很有创意。
Since time is a critical factor in how much damage a stroke will do, any treatment that can buy doctors more time can help.
由于时间是决定中风造成损害程度的关键因素，任何能为医生争取更多时间的治疗都会有所帮助。
Sadly, we have not yet figured out how to freeze time.
遗憾的是，我们还没有想出如何冻结时间。
But doctors can do the next best thing: freeze a person's brain.
但是医生能做的第二件事是：冻结大脑。
It's a technique called therapeutic hypothermia.
这种技术叫做低温疗法。
And, OK, technically, the brain is not frozen.
严格地说，大脑并没有冻结。
Using ice-cold IV drips and cold packs applied to the skin, physicians lower the patient's body temperature to around 33 to 36 degrees Celsius, a bit below the typical 36 to 37.
医生们用冰镇的静脉滴注液和敷在皮肤上的冷敷袋，将病人的体温降低到33到36摄氏度左右，略低于通常的36摄氏度到37摄氏度。
This aims to slow down something called the ischemic cascade.
旨在减缓所谓的缺血级联反应。
See, your brain cells, like pretty much all cells in your body, prefer to make their energy-shuttling molecules with a process that requires oxygen.
你看，脑细胞，就像你身体里几乎所有的细胞一样，更喜欢在有氧过程中制造能量转换分子。
When they stop receiving oxygen because their blood supply is cut off, they switch to a less efficient method in an attempt to keep up with the energy demand.
当脑细胞因为血液供应切断而停止吸氧时，会转而使用效率较低的方法来满足能量需求。
Soon, though, there's just not enough energy to go around, and everything starts to fall apart.
不过，很快就没有足够的能量来运转，一切开始崩溃。
Before you know it, the cell is dead.
在你意识到之前，细胞已经死亡。
The longer the tissue lacks oxygen, the more cells will die, and the larger the damaged area becomes.
组织缺氧时间越长，细胞死亡数量越多，受损面积也越大。
But, since all of this stems from those cells needing energy, if you lower their energy needs, they can last longer before they crash.
但是，由于所有这些都源于那些需要能量的细胞，如果降低细胞对能量的需求，它们可以在崩溃之前持续更长时间。
It's kind of like how you can keep your phone running longer if you dim the screen and turn on airplane mode.
这有点像你调暗屏幕并打开飞机模式，以便让手机运行的时间更长。
And that's what therapeutic hypothermia seems to do, it slows all sorts of processes in cells, thereby reducing their energy needs.
这就是低温疗法的作用，它减缓了细胞的各种过程，从而减少细胞对能量的需求。
Studies have found that for every degree you reduce a person's core body temperature, the rate at which their cells use energy decreases by up to 5%.
研究发现，人体核心体温每降低一度，细胞的能量利用率就会降低5%。
That buys more time to treat the clot or bleed.
这样可以获得更多的时间来治疗血栓或出血。
And, once the cause of the stroke is fixed, the patient can be warmed up gradually, over the course of many hours, to avoid the complications that come with a rapid increase in body temperature.
而且，一旦确定了中风的原因，患者的身体能在数小时内逐逐渐变暖，以避免体温迅速升高带来的并发症。
But while therapeutic hypothermia can help prevent brain damage from occurring, it doesn't affect the damage that's already been done.
但是，虽然低温疗法能帮助防止发生脑损伤，但它不会影响已经造成的损伤。
And unfortunately, strokes often have lasting symptoms, because brain tissue is notoriously bad at repairing itself.
不幸的是，中风往往有持久的症状。因为众所周知，脑组织不善于自我修复。
Now some scientists believe that's largely because there isn't enough structural support for the tissue that tries to grow back.
现在一些科学家认为，这主要是因为没有足够的结构支撑来支持试图生长的组织。
Patients basically end up with small, fluid-filled cavities in their brains once the debris from the dead cells is cleared out.
一旦死亡细胞的碎片被清除，病人的大脑基本上会出现充满液体的小洞。
That's why some neuroscientists think they can give the brain a helping hand using a technique called bio-scaffolding.
这就是为什么一些神经科学家认为，他们能利用一种叫做生物支架的技术来帮助大脑。
A bio-scaffold is a structure that tissue can grow over, an empty frame of sorts that encourages new cell growth better than the fluid-filled cavity.
生物支架是一种组织可以生长的结构，一种比充满液体的空腔更能促进新细胞生长的空框架。
One 2012 study even suggests the best material for scaffolding is… pork bladder tissue?
2012年的一项研究甚至表明，最好的支架材料是猪的膀胱组织？
Or what's left of it, anyway, after you remove the actual cells, what scientist s call the extracellular matrix.
不管怎样，移除实际的细胞后，剩下的就是科学家称之为细胞外基质的物质。
That's basically all the proteins, starches, and other molecules in between your cells which support them physically and biochemically.
这基本上就是细胞之间的所有蛋白质、淀粉和其他分子，它们在物理和生化方面支持细胞。
So the idea is, you plug a gap in someone's brain with the structural elements of bladder tissue and maybe add some neural stem cells to get things rolling.
这种想法是，可以用膀胱组织的结构元素来填补某人大脑中的空隙，也许还能加入一些神经干细胞来让事情进展顺利。
And voila!
瞧！
But although there have been promising results in rodent models, we don't know for sure that this works in humans.
但是，尽管在啮齿类动物模型中已经产生出很有希望的结果，但我们还不能确定这在人类身上是否有效。
And before we could start doing this in human brains, we'd need to make sure the tissue wouldn't grow back in a problematic way and that the immune system wouldn't respond unfavorably to the scaffold.
在我们开始在人脑中做这种操作之前，我们需要确保该组织的重新生长不会有问题，免疫系统不会对支架产生不利的反应。
There are also other ways to encourage healing, like, by injecting molecular signals for regrowth.
也有其他的方法来促进愈合，比如注射分子信号以促进再生。
The thing is, it's not just neurons that need to grow back.
问题是，不仅仅是神经元需要再生。
The new tissue will also need the little blood vessels that ensure those neurons get enough oxygen and nutrients.
新组织也需要小型血管，来确保这些神经元获得足够的氧气和营养。
And that's why one group investigating this kind of injection tried something called vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF, a substance that, among other things, encourages blood vessels to grow.
这就是研究这种注射方法的小组，尝试了一种叫做血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的物质，这种物质可以促进血管生长。
Previous research had suggested injecting VEGF into brains wasn't so great because it causes inflammation and doesn't do much in the way of repairing stroke damage.
此前的研究表明，将血管内皮生长因子注入大脑并不是很好，因为它会引起炎症，这对修复中风损伤没有多大作用。
But that was when it was injected all alone.
但那时候是单独注射。
So, the research team created a water-based gel from a starch known to promote neurons to grow from stem cells and added nanoparticles that dampen inflammation.
研究小组用一种淀粉制造出水基凝胶，这种淀粉可以促进神经元从干细胞中生长，并添加了抑制炎症的纳米颗粒。
Then, they added VEGF and injected the mix into stroke cavities in the brains of mice.
然后，他们添加了血管内皮生长因子，并将混合物注射到实验小鼠大脑的中风腔中。
And, as hoped, new blood vessels and new neurons grew into that space.
正如我们所希望的那样，新血管和新神经元在这个空间里生长
The damaged areas even started working again, which didn't happen for animals that received a control gel.
受损区域甚至重新开始工作，这在接受控制凝胶的动物身上并没有发生。
Like with scaffolding, this hasn't been tried in people yet, but with such promising results, human trials might not be too far off.
就像支架一样，这种方法还没有在人体上进行过试验。但实验结果如此乐观，可能很快就可以进行人体试验了。
And these methods aren't necessarily mutually exclusive.
这些方法并不一定相互排斥。
A doctor may be able to use some combination of therapeutic hypothermia, bio-scaffolding, and injectable growth promoters to give their stroke patients the best possible outcome.
医生可以使用低温疗法、生物支架和可注射性生长促进剂的组合方法，为中风患者提供最好的疗效。
Plus, these are just a few of the promising developments from the field.
另外，这些只是该领域发展中存在很大希望的一小部分内容。
Stroke treatment and rehabilitation are two massive fields of research, so doctors are bound to come up with other exciting, creative solutions.
中风治疗和康复是两个巨大的研究领域，因此，医生一定会想出其他令人兴奋的具有创意的解决方案。
We still have a long way to go before strokes are easily treatable.
在轻松治疗中风之前，我们还有很长的路要走。
But with a little luck, approaches like these will go from theory to practice very soon.
但如果运气好的话，此类方法很快就会从理论变为实践。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢收看本期《心理科学秀》！
If you enjoy learning about your brain and how it works, and, presumably you do because you're watching this, be sure to stick around!
如果你喜欢了解大脑及其工作方式，而且因为你收刊这个视频，那么一定要坚持住！
We are all brain, all the time here, all you have to do is click on that subscribe button and ring the notification bell, catch every single episode, never let us down... No, I'm kidding.
我们都是大脑，一直在这里，你所要做的就是点击订阅按钮，按一下通知铃，观看每集视频，永远不要让我们失望。我只是开玩笑了。
Enjoy it how you like!
尽情观看吧！
But if you think out free, educational psychology videos are really great and we do, and you want to support the team here, you can learn more about joining our community of supporters at patreon.com/SciShow.
但是如果你认为免费的教育心理学视频很棒，我们确实做得不错。你也想支持我们这个团队，可以登陆patreon.com/SciShow了解更多关于加入我们支持者社区的信息。
