Almost 30 years ago, my country was facing the need to rebuild everything from scratch.
大约30年前，我的国家面临着在废墟中重建的需要。
After years of Soviet occupation, Estonia regained its independence, but we were left with nothing.
在苏联多年的占领后，爱沙尼亚重获了独立，但我们却一无所有。
No infrastructure, no administration, no legal code.
没有基础设施，没有行政机构，没有法律条文。
Organizational chaos. Out of necessity, the state leaders back then had to make some daring choices.
面对治理上的混乱，必需品的缺乏，当时的国家领导人需要做出一些大胆的选择。
The ones that our country could afford.
这些选择还得是我们国家能够承受的。
There was a lot of experimentation and uncertainty but also a bit of luck involved,
当时有许多的试验和不确定性，也掺杂了一些运气，幸运的是，
particularly in the fact that we could count on a number of brilliant visionaries, cryptographers and engineers.
我们可以依靠许多优秀的有远见的人，密码学家和工程师。
I was just a kid back then. Today, we are called the most digital society on earth.
当时我还只是个孩子。现在，我们已被称为地球上最数字化的社会。
I'm from Estonia, and we've been declaring taxes online since 2001.
我来自爱沙尼亚，我们自2001年起就开始在网上报税。
We have been using digital identity and signature since 2002.
我们自2002年起就开始使用电子身份认证和签名。
We've been voting online since 2005.
我们自2005年起就开始线上投票。
And for today, pretty much the whole range of the public services that you can imagine:
至于现在，我们在网上可以进行你能想到的几乎所有的公共服务：
education, police, justice, starting a company, applying for benefits,
教育，治安，司法，创立公司，申请福利，
looking at your health record or challenging a parking ticket -- that's everything that is done online.
查看健康报告或者申诉违停罚单--这所有的事都能在网上完成。
In fact, it's much easier to tell you what are the three things we cannot yet do online.
实际上，告诉你们三件我们还不能线上完成的事反而更容易一些。
We have to show up to pick up our ID documents, get married or divorced, or sell real estate. That's pretty much it.
我们需要当面领取身份证件，办理结婚和离婚手续，或者售卖房产。大概就只有这些。
So, that's why don't freak out when I tell you that every year I can't wait to start doing my tax declaration.
所以，当我告诉你们，每年我都迫不及待地要做我的纳税申报时，别被吓到。
Because all I have to do is sit on my couch with a mobile phone,
因为我所要做的，仅仅是拿着手机坐在沙发上，
swipe a few pages with prefilled data on income and deductions and hit submit.
翻看已经填好收入和减税额的网页，然后点击提交。
After three minutes, I'm looking at the tax return amount.
三分钟之后，纳税申报金额就会显示在页面上。
It actually feels like a quite rewarding experience.
这一过程其实还挺有成就感的。
No tax advisors, no collecting receipts, no doing the math.
不用税务顾问，不用收集发票，不需要繁琐的计算。
And have I mentioned that I have not visited a state office for almost seven years?
我有提到近七年来我都没有进过一家国家办公厅吗？
Indeed, one of the features of the modern life
的确，现代社会的其中一个特征，
that has no reason to exist anymore, considering technological possibilities of today, is the labyrinth of bureaucracy.
迷宫一样复杂的官僚主义，在现今的科技条件下已经没理由继续存在下去了。
We've almost got rid of it completely in Estonia, in an effort coordinated by the government that has also digitized itself.
在一个已数字化政府的协调下，爱沙尼亚已经几乎完全脱离了它。
For instance, cabinet of ministers' work in e-Cabinet is absolutely paperless.
例如，内阁部长们在电子内阁中的工作是完全无纸化的。
The central idea behind this development is transformation of the state role and digitalization of trust.
这种发展背后的中心思想是国家角色的转变和政府公信力的数字化。
Think about it. In most countries, people don't trust their governments.
想想看，在大多数国家，人民不相信他们的政府。
And the governments don't trust them back.
政府反过来也不相信民众。
And all the complicated paper-based formal procedures are supposed to solve that problem.
所有繁杂的纸质正规程序理应解决这个问题。
Except that they don't. They just make life more complicated.
但是它们并没有。它们让生活变得更加复杂了。
I believe Estonian experience is showing that technology can be the remedy for getting the trust back,
我相信爱沙尼亚的经验说明了科技可以成为重建政府公信力的良策，
while creating an efficient, user-centric service delivery system that actively responds to citizens' needs.
同时建立一个高效的，以用户为中心的服务系统，能主动满足公民的需求。
We did not do it by digitizing bureaucracy as it is.
我们并不仅是把官僚制度数字化了。
But by rather agreeing on a few strong, common principles, redesigning rules and procedures,
还在一些强硬，普遍的原则上达成了共识，重新制定了规则和办公流程，
getting rid of unnecessary data collection and task duplication, and becoming open and transparent.
摆脱了不必要的数据收集以及重复的任务，并且变得公开透明。
Let me give you a glimpse into some of the key e-Estonia design principles today.
让我来带你们了解一下现如今爱沙尼亚电子服务的核心设计原则。
First, it is essential to guarantee privacy and confidentiality of data and information.
首先，保障数据和信息的隐私和保密性十分重要。
This is achieved through a strong digital identity that is issued by the state and compatible with everything.
这是通过强大可靠的电子身份证实现的。该证件由政府颁发，并且在所有地方都有效。
In fact, every Estonian has one. The identity is doubled with a strong digital signature
实际上，所有的爱沙尼亚公民都有一个。这个身份被一个电子签名双重强化，
that is accepted, used and legally binding both in Estonia and the European Union.
在爱沙尼亚和欧盟国家都被认可，允许使用，并具有法律约束力。
When the system can properly and securely identify who is using it, after logging in,
这个系统能恰当并安全地验证使用者的身份，在用户登录后，
it will provide access to the personal data of the citizen and all the public services within one tool,
提供公民的私人信息，并且能让使用者在一个工具中访问所有的公共服务，
and allow to authorize anything by signing digitally.
还提供所有服务的电子签名授权功能。
A second principle, and one of the most transformative, is called "Once only."
第二种，也是其中最具改革效力的一个原则，叫做“仅此一次”。
It means that the state cannot ask for the same data more than once, nor can store it in more than one place.
意思是国家对于同样的信息只能征求一次，并且只能在一个地方进行存储。
For instance, if you've already provided your birth or marital certificate to the population registry,
比如，如果你已经向人口登记处提供了你的出生或结婚证明，
this is the only place where this data is going to be held.
那就将是这项信息唯一能被保存的地方。
And no other institution will be ever asking for it again.
没有其他任何机构会再一次向你征求该信息。
Once only is a very powerful rule, as it defines the whole structure of the data collection in a country,
“仅此一次”是一个非常有效的规定，因为它定义了这个国家整个的信息收集结构，
what information is collected and who is responsible for maintaining it,
哪些信息已被收集，谁在负责保管它，
making sure we avoid centralization of data, duplication of data, and guarantee that it's actually up to date.
确保我们能避免信息的集中化管理，信息的重复采集，并确保数据能被及时更新。
This distributed approach also avoids the problem of the single point of failure.
这种分布式的举措同时也避免了单点故障（即会整体故障）。
But since the data cannot be replicated, or collected more than once,
但由于信息不能被复制，或是被收集超过一次，
it means that the design has to keep in mind secure and robust access to that information at all times,
这意味着整个设计需要确保能随时随地提供安全和稳定的信息获取功能，
so the public institution can offer a service.
以保证公共机构能提供相应服务。
This is exactly the role of the data exchange platform called the X-Road that has been in use since 2001.
而这也是自2001年被启用的数据交换平台X-Road的具体作用。
Just like a highway, it connects public sector databases and registries, local municipalities and businesses,
它就像信息高速公路一样，将公共部门的数据库和登记处与地方政府和企业进行连接，
organizing a real-time, secure and regulated data exchange, saving an auditable trace after each move.
组成了一个实时，安全，管理规范的信息交换系统，在每次操作后都会保留一个可被查证的路径。
Here's a screenshot of a live feed showing all the requests performed on the X-Road
这是实时页面的一张截图，显示了X-Road的所有服务请求
and all the services that it actually facilitates.
和它所简化的所有服务。

And this is the real picture of all the connections between public and private sector databases.
这是包含了真实数据的图片，显示了公有和私有部门数据库间的所有连接。
As you can see, there is no central database whatsoever.
正如你所看到的，并不存在任何的中央数据库。
Confidentiality and privacy are definitely very important.
保密性与隐私绝对是相当重要的。
But in the digital world, reliability and integrity of information is just critical for operations.
但是在数字化世界中，信息的可靠和完整性对于操作来说也同样重要。
For instance, if someone changes your medical health record,
比如，如果有人改动了你的医学健康档案，
let's say allergies, without you or your doctor knowing, treatment could be deadly.
比如过敏信息，在你和你的医生都不知道的情况下，那么治疗方案可能会是致命的。
That's why in a digital society, a system like an Estonian one,
这就是为什么在一个像爱沙尼亚一样的数字化社会和系统中，
when there's almost no paper originals, there's almost only digital originals,
当几乎没有纸质原件，几乎只有电子原件时，
integrity of data, data exchange rules, software components and log files is paramount.
信息的完整性，信息交换的规则，软件部件还有日志文件都是至关重要的。
We use a form of blockchain that we invented back in 2007, way before blockchain even became a thing,
我们通过在2007年，当区块链还并不为人所知时研发出的类似的数据库
to check and guarantee the integrity of data in real time.
来实时核查与确保数据的完整性。
Blockchain is our auditor and a promise that no access to the data or data manipulation remains unrecorded.
区块链是我们的审计员，确保所有的信息获取和操作都被记录备案。
Data ownership is another key principle in the design of the system.
信息所有权是系统设计中的另一个核心原则。
Aren't you worried by the fact that governments, tech companies and other businesses around the world
你们难道不会担心吗，要是政府，科技公司还有世界上其他的企业
claim data they've collected about you is theirs, generally refuse to give access to that information,
宣称他们收集到的你的信息是属于他们的，并且拒绝提供那些信息的获取渠道，
and often fail to prove how it was used or shared with third parties?
还无法证明它是如何被使用或是共享给了第三方？
I don't know, for me it seems like a quite disturbing situation.
对我来说，这听上去像是一个相当令人不安的情况。
The Estonian system is based on the principle that an individual is the owner of the data collected about him,
爱沙尼亚的系统所基于的原则是，个体才是个人信息的拥有者，
thus has an absolute right to know what information is collected and who has been accessing it.
享有知晓哪些信息被采集和信息采集人员信息的绝对权利。
Every time a policeman, a doctor or any state officer is accessing personal information of the citizens online,
每当警察，医生或者任何的国家官员在网上获取了公民的个人信息，
first they only get to access it after logging in to the information they're authorized to see to do their job.
系统首先会确保他们只能在登录后查看，并且只能查看他们已被授权的，完成工作所必须的信息。
And secondly, every time they're making requests, this is saved in a log file.
其次，他们每次关于信息获取的申请，都会被记录在日志文档中。
This detailed log file is part of the state public services
这个详细的日志文档是国家公共服务的一部分，
and allows real transparency, making sure no privacy violation will remain unnoticed to the citizen.
确保了信息获取的透明。保证了公民能够知晓任何侵犯他们隐私的行为。
Now, of course, this is only a simplified summary of all the design principles that e-Estonia is built on.
当然，这只是对爱沙尼亚数字化体系所基于的所有原则的简单概括。
And now, government is building up to get ready for use of artificial intelligence
现在，政府正在进一步努力为人工智能的使用做准备，
and building a whole new generation of public services
并将建立全新一代的公共服务，
proactive services that would activate seamlessly based on different life situations that people might be in,
可以根据人们现实生活中所处的不同情况，提供无缝的、积极主动的服务，
such as childbirth, unemployment or starting a business.
比如生孩子，失业，或者建立企业这些情况。
Now, of course, running a digital society with no paper backup can be an issue, right?
当然了，一个没有纸质支撑的数字化社会也可能存在某些问题。
Even though we trust our systems to be solid, but one can never be too cautious
即使我们相信我们的体系是可靠的，但是谨慎一点总没错，
as we experienced back in 2007, when the first cyberincident happened, and it literally blocked part of our networks,
正如我们在2007年所经历的第一次网络事故，直接导致部分网络的瘫痪，
making access to the services impossible for hours. We survived.
使得我们几个小时都无法获取公共服务。我们当时挺过去了。
But this event put cybersecurity at the very top of agenda, both in terms of strengthening the platform and backing it up.
但是那次事件让我们在平台的强化和备份方面都把网络安全放在了一切工作事项的首位。
So how do you back up a country-wide system in a small state where everything is super close?
那么该如何将一个全国范围的系统备份在一个让所有信息唾手可得的小型区域呢？
Well for instance, you can export a copy of the data outside the country territory to an extraterritorial space of an embassy.
比如说，你可以把信息拷贝并输出到国家领土之外的地方，到使馆有治外法权的地区。
Today, we have those data embassies that are holding the most critical digital assets of Estonia,
现在，这种数据使馆掌握着爱沙尼亚最重要的数字资产，
guaranteeing continuity of operations, protection of our data, and most importantly, our sovereignty.
确保了操作的持续性和信息的保护，当然了，还有最重要的，我们的主权。
Even in case of a physical attack on our territory.
即使是在我们国家的领土遭到了实体袭击时。
Some of you might be thinking by now: Where are the downsides?
现在你们中的一些可能会想：那这个系统的缺点有哪些？
Well, going all digital is administratively, and let's be honest, financially more efficient.
坦白地说，全方位数字化在管理和财政方面更高效。
Interfacing primarily with computer systems might create an impression that the human factor,
主要通过电脑系统来进行操作可能会让人们觉得人为因素，
elected politicians and participating in democratic processes is somehow less important.
比如选举政客，参与民主活动，变得并没有那么重要了。
And there are also some people who feel threatened by pervasive technology that might make their skills obsolete.
也有一些人担心科技的广泛普及可能会导致他们的技能被时代所淘汰。
So all in all, unfortunately, running a country on a digital platform
总而言之，不幸的是，用数字化平台治理国家
has not saved us from political power struggles and polarization in the society, as we have seen in the last elections.
并没有让我们避免政权上的斗争和社会的两级分化，正如我们在上一次选举中所见到的。
Well, until there are humans involved.
只要有人参与其中就难免这样。
One last question. If everything is location-independent and I can access all of the services from anywhere in the world
最后一个问题。如果所有的一切都不受地域限制，我可以从世界上任何地方获取所有的服务，
why cannot others tap into some of these services, even if they don't reside within Estonian borders?
那其他人是不是也有机会享有它们，即使他们不住在爱沙尼亚呢？
Five years ago, we launched a governmental start-up called e-Residency program that for today joins tens of thousands of people.
五年前，我们的政府发起了“线上居住”计划，到现在为止已有数万人加入。
These are businessmen and women from 136 different countries,
这里面有来自136个不同国家的商人，
who establish their businesses digitally, who do their banking online,
他们在网络上成立自己的企业，使用线上银行服务，
and who run their companies virtually over e-Estonia platform,
在爱沙尼亚的电子平台上虚拟运营他们的公司，
within European Union legal framework, using an e-identity card similar to mine and all of that from anywhere in the world.
在欧盟法律条款允许的范围内，使用和我差不多的电子身份证，这一切都可在世界的任何角落完成。
The Estonian system is location-independent and user-centric.
爱沙尼亚的系统是不受地域限制并且以用户为中心的。
It prioritizes inclusiveness, openness and reliability. It puts security and transparency at its center.
它将包容性，开放性和可靠性置于优先位置，将安全性和透明性置于核心位置。
And the data into the hands of the rightful owner, the person they refer to.
并且将数据交到有正当权利的人，它们的拥有者手中。
Don't take my word for it. Try it. Thank you.
空口无凭，去试一试就知道了。谢谢。