(单词翻译:单击)
Every year, accidents injure or kill thousands of children around the world.
每年，世界各地都有成千上万的儿童受伤或死亡。
But most of these accidents aren't really accidents.
而其中大多不是真正的事故。
They're unintentional, sure, but they're not random, unpredictable events.
当然，它们都不是故意造成的事故，但它们也不是随机、不可预测的事件。
Many of them are rooted in basic human behavior and that means there's a silver lining here.
其中很多事故都源于人类的基本行为，这意味着还是存在一线希望的。
Because if accidents are caused by basic human stuff, that means you don't always need fancy technologies to keep kids safe.
因为如果事故源于基本的人的因素，那就意味着你并不总需要新奇的技术来保证孩子们的安全。
Instead, a little Psych 101 knowledge can go a long way.
相反，心理学101课程中的一点知识能起到很大的作用。
This isn't some off-the-wall idea, either.
这也不是什么离谱的主意。
It's been done before… and it's worked.
以前这样做过，而且收效了。
Like, in the 1980s, researchers tapped into our love of rewards to try and keep kids safe on the road.
比如在20世纪80年代，研究人员利用我们对奖励的喜爱，试图确保孩子们在路上安全。
At the time, parents weren't really putting their kids in car or booster seats, often claiming it was uncomfortable for their children, too expensive, or just unnecessary.
当时，家长并不是真的把孩子放在汽车或加高座椅上，他们经常声称这对孩子来说很不舒服，太贵，或者根本没有必要。
And as a result, thousands of kids were being needlessly injured or killed in car crashes.
结果，成千上万的孩子在车祸中不必要地受伤或死亡。
It was enough of a problem that in 1984, researchers decided to tackle it with some basic psychology.
1984年，研究人员决定用一些基本的心理学知识来解决这个问题。
At two daycare centers, they gave parents tickets for a lottery where they could win prizes if their kids arrived in car seats.
他们在两个托儿所中，给父母能够获得彩票的票据，如果他们的孩子到达时坐在汽车座位上，就能中奖。
At another two, they gave the incentive to the kids themselves awarding them stickers if they arrived in car seats.
在另外两个托儿所中，他们把奖励物给孩子们，如果他们到达时坐到汽车座位上，就让他们贴上标签。
The reasoning behind this was pretty simple: Humans love rewards.
背后的原因很简单：人类喜欢奖赏。
When we get one, our brains release all kinds of chemicals that make us feel good and drive us to repeat behaviors so maybe it's no surprise that this approach worked really well.
当我们得到一个奖励后，大脑释放出各种各样的化学物质，使我们感觉良好，并驱使我们做出重复行为，所以或许这一方法真的很有效也就不足为奇了。
At one daycare, car seat use jumped from forty-nine to eighty percent.
在一家日托中心，汽车座椅的使用率从49%跃升到80%。
And at another, it rose from twenty-three to sixty-three percent.
另一方面，从23%上升到63%。
After the reward system was taken away, some people gradually returned to old habits, but use never dropped as low as it had been before the experiment.
奖励制度取消后，一些人逐渐恢复了旧习惯，但使用率从未像实验前那样低。
This tells us that simple reward systems can get people to adopt safer habits, and it's still hugely relevant today.
这告诉我们，简单的奖励制度可以让人们养成更安全的习惯，而这在今天仍然非常重要。
Car accidents are the leading cause of preventable deaths in children because many people still don't use car seats properly.
车祸是造成儿童可预防性死亡的主要原因，因为许多人仍然没有正确使用汽车座椅。
So maybe what we need is more stickers.
所以，也许我们需要更多的贴纸。
Reward-based systems aren't always ideal, though, because sometimes you don't get a second chance at preventing an accident.
然而，基于奖励的系统并不总是理想的，因为有时你没有预防事故的第二次机会。
A major example of this is accidental poisoning, which is the number-five cause of death among children in the US.
一个主要的例子是意外中毒，这是造成美国儿童死亡的第五大原因。
But this is often preventable, if you know about the associations we form early in life.
但如果你知道我们在早年时形成的关联，这通常是可以预防的。
Even before we learn to read labels, we quickly develop instincts about what's edible and what's not.
甚至在我们学会阅读标签之前，我们很快就本能地知道什么能吃，什么不能吃。
For instance, many kids learn that juice comes from a clear, round bottle, but antiseptic for their scrapes comes from a dark, square one.
例如，许多孩子知道透明的圆形瓶子里装着果汁，而治疗擦伤的消毒剂装载一个黑色的方形瓶子里。
So dark bottle equals "not food."
所以，黑瓶子等于“不是食物”。
These associations are called affordances, and psychologists have found that understanding them may prevent accidental poisonings.
这些联系被称为可见性，心理学家发现理解它们可以防止意外中毒。
In a 2015 study, they showed bottles to sixty-eight toddlers between one-and-a-half and two-and-a-half years old, then asked them which ones were drinkable.
在2015年的一项研究中，他们向68名1岁半到2岁半的幼儿展示奶瓶，然后问他们哪些里面的东西能喝。
The bottles had different transparencies, colors, and shapes; used different labeling methods; and were made of different materials.
瓶子的透明度、颜色和形状都不同；使用不同的标记方法；而且由不同的材料制成。
They also contained various liquids, ranging from juice to torch fuel to paint thinner.
里面装着各种液体，从果汁到火炬燃料，再到油漆稀释剂。
The researchers found that children generally considered transparent, rounded bottles safe to drink because they looked like juice containers.
研究人员发现，孩子们通常认为透明的圆形瓶子是安全的，因为它们看起来像果汁容器。
That was especially true for torch fuel bottles, which also had juice-colored fluid inside.
火炬燃料瓶的情况尤其如此，里面还有果汁色的液体。
This was a big red flag, and after the research was published, torch fuel companies started changing the way they bottled their products so kids would be less likely to drink them.
这是一个很重要的危险信号，在这项研究发表后，火炬燃料公司开始改变他们瓶装产品的方式，这样孩子们就不太可能喝了。
Of course, you can apply this basic psychology at home, too.
当然，你也可以在家里运用这种基本的心理学。
If you have children in your home, you can keep them safer by storing things like cleaners and excess car fluids in proper containers,
如果你家里有孩子，你可以把清洁剂和多余的汽车液体等东西放在适当的容器里，
rather than in something like an old milk jug or soda bottle.
而不是放在旧牛奶罐或汽水瓶里，这样会更安全。
Research gives us a lot of ways to protect kids from predictable accidents.
研究为我们提供了很多方法，避免孩子受到可预见性事故的伤害。
But the answer to how to keep them safe is not always "reduce risks."
但有关如何保证他们的安全，答案并不总是“降低风险”
Sometimes, it has to do with how children experience risks themselves.
有时，这与孩子们如何经历风险有关。
Research shows that kids who don't get the chance to take risks while they play don't learn how to cope with situations that scare them.
研究表明，那些在玩耍时没有机会冒险的孩子，无法学会如何应对那些让他们害怕的情境。
But the ones who do face risks, like heights or high speeds, are more likely to learn how to avoid hurting themselves.
但那些确实面对高空或高速等风险的孩子，更有可能学会如何避免自己受伤。
So, as tempting as it is to bubble-wrap kids, it's okay for them to get a little scratched up sometimes.
所以，把孩子保护地严严实实挺安全，但有时让他们受点伤也没事的。
The team behind this work suggested that play spaces should be only "as safe as necessary," not as "safe as possible."
这项工作背后的团队建议，游戏空间应该做到“必要的安全”，而不是“尽可能安全。”
And as an example of what this could look like, they pointed to something called an "adventure playground."
作为一个这样的例子，他们指出了一种叫做“冒险游乐场”的东西
It's a type of playground inspired by junkyards, and is full of things like loose tires, rope, and pieces of wood.
这是一种以垃圾场为灵感的游乐场，里面都是没有气的轮胎、绳子和木块。
Kids can also build things with materials like dirt, sand, and water.
孩子们也可以用泥土、沙子和水等材料建造东西。
The point is to let them be creative.
关键是开发他们的创造性。
Some research has found that, even though they encounter more risks, like playing on things they could fall off,
一些研究发现，尽管孩子们会遇到更多的风险，比如在可能掉下来的东西上玩耍，
children end up getting injured less than they do on typical playgrounds.
但他们最后受到的伤比在典型操场上玩时要少。
The study suggests that if they're aware of their own limits and the fact that they need to be on the lookout for risks,
这项研究表明，如果他们意识到自己的局限性，和自己需要警惕的风险，
they're less likely to get hurt, even if there are more chances to.
那么即使有更多的机会，他们也不太可能受伤。
Protecting kids from accidents is not always intuitive especially when they're fearless little humans who just want to explore the world.
保护孩子们免受意外伤害并不总是直觉性的，尤其是当他们是无畏的小人，只想探索世界的时候。
But psychology has a lot of tools to figure out how people's behavior leads to unintentional injury or death, and the better we understand them, the better we can keep our kids safe.
但是心理学有很多工具来研究人们的行为如何导致意外伤害或死亡，我们越了解这些内容，就越能保证孩子的安全。
Speaking of keeping things safe, this episode of SciShow is sponsored by Dashlane!
说到安全，本期《科学秀》由Dashlane赞助！
Dashlane is a desktop and mobile app designed to make your digital life simpler and safer.
Dashlane是一款桌面和移动应用程序，旨在让你的数字生活更简单、更安全。
It features a password manager, a virtual private network, and dark web monitoring.
它具有一个密码管理器、一个虚拟专用网络和暗网监控。
They also decrypt your information locally on your device, which means their servers only store jumbled,
它们还会在您的设备上本地解密信息，这意味着它们的服务器只存储杂乱无章的加密噪音，
encrypted noise that not even Dashlane can access without your Master Password.
甚至连Dashlane都无法在没有主密码的情况下访问这些噪音。
So even if they were to get hacked, your information would be safe.
所以，即使他们被黑客攻击，你的信息也是安全的。
Dashlane is a good way you can help keep your information safe online, and if you want to check it out,
Dashlane是一个很好方法，可以帮助保持您的在线信息安全。如果您想查看信息，
you can go to dashlane.com/scishowpsych to try it for free or use the promo code "scishowpsych" for ten percent off Dashlane Premium.
可以访问dashlane.com/scishowpsych免费试用，或者使用促销代码“scishowsych”以获得Dashlane Premium10%的折扣。
