(单词翻译:单击)
This episode is sponsored by The Ridge.
本期节目由The Ridge赞助播出。
Go to ridge.com/space and use promo code SCISHOW to get 10% off your next order.
在ridge.com/space上使用优惠码SCISHOW，下一单就能减免10%。
As much as space inspires us to imagine and explore, it doesn't exactly welcome that exploration.
虽然宇宙的存在会让我们想去想象和探索，但宇宙本身并不欢迎人类的探索。
You've got deadly radiation, extreme cold, lack of oxygen, and those are just the start.
因为宇宙里有很多致命的辐射、严寒、缺氧，而这还只是开头。
Some of the most tempting destinations in our solar system are home to the most hostile environments you can imagine.
太阳系里最诱人的一些目的地有着非常不友好的环境。
But Earth also has its fair share of hostile places.
但地球上其实也有环境不友好的地方。
And we can use them to prepare space probes and even astronauts for some of the most unwelcoming places in our solar system.
我们可以在这样的地方准备航天探测器，甚至帮航天员做好准备，让他们可以应对太阳系里环境最恶劣的一些地方。
And that includes our nearest neighbor, the Moon.
其中就包括离我们最近的月球。
Even though it's the one other world humans have walked on, the idea of something like a lunar colony is still a major challenge.
虽然人类也曾登陆过月球，但将月球作为殖民地的想法，实现起来依然存在巨大挑战。
Any long-term explorers would need protection from radiation and the constant shower of micrometeorites, because unlike on Earth, there's no atmosphere to burn them up.
长期的探索需要防辐射的保护，因为会一直遇到微小陨石，因为跟地球不同的是：月球并没有大气层，无法将这些微小陨石灼烧殆尽。
But the Moon itself might have the perfect hideaway.
但月球本身可能就是最好的隐蔽地点了。
Back in 2012, NASA's GRAIL spacecraft created a high-resolution map of the moon's gravity, which reflected differences in density under the surface.
2012年的时候，美国宇航局（NASA）的圣杯号只做了一份月球引力的高清地图，该地图可以反应地表以下密度的区别。
The map revealed huge underground voids on the near side of the moon.
这份地图显示地球近侧存在大片地球空洞地带。
They seemed to be in shape of tunnels, some of them dozens of kilometers long and hundreds of meters wide.
这些空洞地带似乎是呈隧道形的，其中有一些有数十千米长，数百米宽。
Astronomers think these voids are massive lava tubes.
天文学家认为，这些空洞地带是大型熔岩洞。
Lava tubes can form when cool air solidifies the outer layer of a lava flow.
熔岩洞会在冷空气将熔岩流外层固化的时候形成。
When the molten rock inside drains away, it forms a natural tunnel.
等内部的熔岩枯竭之后，就会形成自然的隧道。
And these giant lunar lava tubes could be the perfect refuge for humans.
这些大型的熔岩洞对人类来说是宝贵的财富。
Not only could they house a whole city, they could provide shelter from radiation, micrometeorites, and the Moon's extreme temperatures.
因为它们不仅能形成一座城市，还能提供庇护，保护人类不受辐射、微小陨石、月球极端温度的伤害。
So, scientists like those at JAXA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, are considering building our first lunar cities inside lava tubes.
因此，科学家，比如日本宇宙航空研究开发机构（JAXA）的科学家正在考虑在熔岩洞内部建造月球上的首批城市。
It's a pretty dramatic idea, but fortunately, we can do a practice run.
这个点子很疯狂，但所幸我们能付诸实践。
Here at home, we also have lava tubes in volcanically active places like Hawai'i, Iceland, and the Canary Islands.
在地球上的火山活跃地带（比如夏威夷、冰岛、加那利群岛），我们也有熔岩洞。
The tubes are smaller because Earth's stronger gravity collapses any that get too big, but they still make a pretty great laboratory.
熔岩洞更小一些，因为地球的引力作用更强，会让太大的东西崩塌，但他们依然能形成很棒的实验室。
In Lanzarote, one of the Canary Islands, lava tubes stretch more than 8 kilometers in length.
在加那利群岛的兰萨罗特岛上，熔岩洞长度可达8千米以上。
They go from openings in the surface to more than 50 meters below sea level.
高的地方可能是地表的开口处，低的地方可能在海平面以下50多米的地方。
And inside, the European Space Agency has been training future astronauts and mission specialists since 2016.
自2016年以来，欧洲太空总署也在培训未来的航天员和任务专员。
The trainees work alongside robots inside these volcanic caverns, and practice using pioneering technology to do things like map the cave systems and look for signs of water and life.
接受培训的宇航员在这些熔岩洞里跟机器人一起工作，他们练习用前沿技术来做一些工作，比如为岩洞体系制作地图，比如寻找水和生命的征兆。
These are techniques that will keep them alive and help them scope out the alien environments they might one day encounter on the Moon.
这些技术能保证宇航员的生命，帮助宇航员深入了解月球上可能遇到的环境。
As barren as it is, the volcanic landscape of Lanzarote is charming compared to some of the more hostile environments in the solar system, like Mars.
兰萨罗特岛的火山地形虽然贫瘠，但跟太阳系里的某些环境比起来要更有魅力一些，比如火星上的不友好环境。
Even though it's our most-visited planet, we still struggle to answer the one basic question that keeps drawing us back: Has it ever had life?
虽然火星是我们经常到访的星球，但我们依然有一个基础的问题让我们望而却步：火星上曾有生命存在过吗？
Mars's surface is unbelievably dry and cold, and its thin atmosphere means that its soil can't catch a break from radiation.
火星表面特别干燥寒冷，火星稀薄的大气层就意味着火星的土壤要一直受到辐射。
So if it has life at all, it's probably microscopic and buried beneath the surface for protection.
所以，如果火星上有生命的话，那么也很可能只能在显微镜下可见，而且也掩埋在地表以下来更好地保护自己了。
And NASA is developing a rover that they hope will be able to detect life like this.
NASA正在制作一辆探测车，他们希望这辆探测车可以探测到类似这样的生命。
And luckily we have just the place on Earth to test it out.
幸运的是，地球上就有一探究竟的地方存在。
The Atacama Desert in Chile is one of the driest places on Earth.
智利的阿塔卡马沙漠是地球上最干燥的地方之一。
Some areas get just 1 to 3 millimeters of rain a year.
有些地区每年降雨量只有1-3毫米而已。
Between this and the chemical makeup of its soil, it's about as close to a Martian environment as you can get on our muggy planet.
在少有降雨以及土壤组成之间，火星上的环境跟闷热的地球很相近。
The microscopic Atacaman life is forced to live underground, where the last drops of water might persist.
显微镜下可见的Atacaman生命要被迫在地下生活，因为只有地下才有可能有一点点水分存在。
Now, scientists are using a rover to look for these buried microbes, just like we would on Mars.
现在，科学家正通过探测车来寻找埋在下面的微生物，跟我们在火星上的做法如出一辙。
The Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies project, or ARADS, has designed a rover that can drill down as much as 2 meters, through soil, salt, and rock, and return samples to its onboard lab.
宇宙生物学掘削研究（ARADS）项目设计了一个探测车，可以向下挖掘2米深，可以穿透土壤、盐分、岩石，将样本送回探测车上的实验室。
NASA hopes to be able to detect signs of life from these samples, and this test run will tell us if a rover like this could pull off the same stunt on Mars.
NASA希望能从这些样本中探测到生命的迹象，这次测试可以让我们知道类似这样的探测车是否能在火星上做到同样的事情。
Much deeper in the solar system, scientists are eyeing Jupiter's icy moon Europa as another target for robotic explorers.
在太阳系里更深一些的地方，科学家正在观测木星寒冷的卫星木卫二，将木卫二作为探测机器人的目标。
Astronomers believe the moon has a liquid ocean, and, as far as we can tell, liquid water is the number-one requirement for life.
天文学家认为，木卫二的海洋是液态的，而且根据我们目前了解的情况，液态水是生命存在的必要条件之一。
The thing is, that water and any life it contains are buried beneath a 20 kilometer-thick crust of ice.
问题在于：水和它所有包含的任何生命都埋在20千米厚的冰层下。
Which is kind of inconvenient, but maybe not impossible.
这样的情况虽然会给我们造成不便，但或许也不至于无法实现。
Right now, scientists are training robots using our own ice-covered ocean, the Antarctic.
目前，科学家正在培训机器人利用地球上覆盖着冰层的海洋——南极洋。
A team at Georgia Tech has developed a long-range, underwater rover called Icefin.
乔治亚理工大学的团队研发了一种远程的水下探测器，名为Icefin。
It's about 3.5 meters long but just 23 centimetres wide, which lets it slide into narrow boreholes that the scientists drilled in the ice.
该探测器有3.5米长，但只有23厘米宽，这样的宽度让它可以滑入狭窄的镗孔——镗孔是科学家在冰面上钻的孔。
This robotic explorer can then dive beneath the Antarctic ice shelf and navigate on its own, all the while surviving freezing temperatures, crushing pressure, and unpredictable currents.
该探测器可以潜入南极洲冰架下面进行自主探测，同时能承受极低温、高压强、不可预测的洋流。
But it can do much more than just survive.
不过，能承受恶劣的环境并存活下来，这并不是该探测器的唯一本领。
Instruments onboard Icefin can take high-resolution measurements of the environment.
Icefin上的器械可以对环境进行高清测量。
And that's exactly what we'll need any Europan explorer to do, if we want to get a picture of this alien ocean and figure out if it's habitable, or even inhabited.
我们正是需要冰月号做的事情，我们需要它拍摄外星海洋的样子并分析出是否宜居或者是否已经有生命存在。
Of course it'll take more research before we're ready to launch an underwater drone to an icy moon more than 600 million kilometers from home.
当然啦，我们还需要更多的调查才能做好准备去发射水下无人机到带有冰层的月球上（月球距离我们6亿多公里）。
So Icefin itself won't make it to Europa. But its great-grandchild might.
所以Icefin光凭自己是无法完成冰月认为的，不过，或许它的后辈可以做到。
In the meantime, Icefin's measurements are helping us understand and document the melting of Antarctic glaciers.
与此同时，Icefin的测量数据帮助我们了解并记录了南极洲冰川的融化情况。
It turns out that in reaching for space, we're also learning about some of the most amazing places on Earth.
我们发现，在探索宇宙的过程中，我们也慢慢了解了地球上最让人惊奇的一些地方。
And preparing for hostile worlds gives us even more reason to appreciate the one world in this solar system that actually does welcome us.
在对具有极端环境的星球做准备时，我们也有更多理由欣赏太阳系里的地球，毕竟地球是欢迎我们的。
If you want to make it simpler to get around the world with all the things you need, The Ridge offers you lots of ways to streamline your life.
如果我们想让探索世界变得更简单，The Ridge提供了一体化的途径。
The father-and-son team behind The Ridge launched their first product, the Ridge Wallet, in 2013.
The Ridge团队是个斧子团队，他们发起的第一个项目是Ridge Wallet，时间是2013年。
It's sleeker than a traditional wallet, with just two metal plates bound by an elastic band.
这个钱包比传统钱包更平整——是用橡皮筋把2个金属板绑定在了一起。
Since then, The Ridge has also released backpacks, phone cases, and other products to help you simplify the things you carry.
从2013年以来，The Ridge也相继发布了背包、手机壳等产品来帮助我们在携带物品时更便捷。
Together, their products have over 30,000 five-star reviews.
目前为止，他们的产品已经有3万个5星好评啦。
You can get 10% off today, and free worldwide shipping and returns, by going to ridge.com/space.
今天下单可以减免10%，全球包邮，包退包换。快来ridge.com/space看看吧。
That's ridge.com/space and use the code SCISHOW at checkout.
在ridge.com/space上使用有优惠码SCISHOW即可。
You can find the link in the description below!
链接在下方描述中哦！
