(单词翻译:单击)
Hey there, welcome to Life Noggin!
大家好，欢迎来到大脑洞开的生命奇想！
Getting sick is the absolute worst, but it's just a part of being well, alive.
生病绝对是最糟糕的，但这只是生活的一部分。
On Earth every living organism has at least one virus that can infect it, from plants and animals, to bacteria and single-celled archaea.
在地球上，每个生物体都至少有一种病毒可以感染它，从植物和动物，到细菌和单细胞古菌。
But what about non-living things? You've probably heard tahat viruses aren't technically alive, so can a virus catch another virus?
但非生物呢？你可能听说过塔哈特病毒严格来说是没有生命的，所以一个病毒能感染另一个病毒吗？
Before we get into the nitty gritty, I wanna thank LastPass who sponsored this video!
在我们探讨严肃的事实之前，我想感谢一些赞助本视频的LastPass！
LastPass eliminates the struggle of having to look for all your passwords, and relieves the anxiety around getting locked out your accounts.
LastPass消除了寻找所有密码的麻烦，减轻了被锁定账户的焦虑。
Because LastPass is your own personal password manager and remembers everything for you, you'll no longer need to write, or reset your password.
因为LastPass是您自己的个人密码管理器，它可以帮您记住所有内容，所以您不再需要编写或重置密码。
and don't worry, all your passwords are encrypted, so only you can see them.
别担心，你所有的密码都是加密的，所以只有你能看到它们。
LastPass will even autofill passwords automatically when visiting android or IOS apps, and mobile sites, so logging in is seamless, and you can get to the things you love quicker.
LastPass甚至可以在访问安卓或IOS应用程序和移动网站时自动填充密码，所以登录是无缝的，你可以更快地找到你喜欢的东西。
Since downloading LastPass I've had so much extra time to focus on the things that actually matter, like beating all my friends at trivia games.
自从下载了LastPass之后，我有了很多额外的时间来关注那些真正重要的事情，比如在小游戏中打败我所有的朋友。
LastPass lets you keep track of your passwords easily, so you can stay stress free.
LastPass可以让你方便地跟踪你的密码，所以你可以保持轻松。
Put your passwords on autopilot with LastPass. Click the link below to find out more and try LastPass today, and now back to the episode!
使用LastPass自动设置密码。点击下面的链接，了解更多信息，今天尝试LastPass吧，现在回到本集!
so can a virus catch another virus? Well, until recently, the answer was no.
那么病毒能感染另一种病毒吗？直到最近，答案还是否定的。
Viruses are simple, submicrosopic parasites, a hundred times smaller than bacteria.
病毒是简单的亚微生物寄生虫，比细菌小100倍。
Without a metabolism or proteins for transcription and replication, they're little more than zombies, borrowing life from other creatures.
它们没有新陈代谢或用于转录和复制蛋白质，它们只不过是僵尸，从其他生物那里借用生命。
So if viruses can't even keep themselves alive, how can they sustain another?
所以如果病毒不能使他们自己生存，那它们怎么能让别的病毒生存呢？
Nature, it seems, is always surprising us. In the early 2000s, scientists discovered an exceptional virus that altered our understanding of life itself.
似乎自然总是使我们惊讶。在21世纪初，科学家发现了一种特别的病毒，它改变了我们对生命本身的理解。
At first, experts assumed it was bacteria, but what they'd actually found was a giant virus, so large it could be glimpsed with a simple microscope.
起初，专家认为它是细菌，但是实际上他们发现的是一种巨型病毒，这种病毒太大了，用一个普通显微镜就能观察到。
Inside, this virus had many more genes than normal, encoding for proteins, metabolic pathways, even replication machinery.
在病毒内部，这种病毒比正常病毒有更多的基因，编码蛋白质，代谢途径，甚至复制机制。
Experts named it the mimivirus, short for mimicking microbe, and soon they began to find others just like it.
专家们将其命名为“mimivirus”，意思是“模仿微生物”，很快他们就发现了其他类似的病毒。
That's when things got really meta. Because while the mimivirus was a surprise, the discovery of its relative, the so-called mamavirus, was a bombshell.
这就是事情发生变化的时候。因为尽管这种mimivirus病毒令人惊讶，它的亲缘物种，所谓的mamavirus的发现是一个爆炸性的消息。
Slightly larger than mimi, the mamavirus turned out to be hiding an itsy bitsy virus of its own.
比mimivirus稍大一点的mamavirus原来隐藏着一种自己的itsy bitsy病毒。
With just 21 genes, this little fella, named Sputnik, is the first example of a virus infecting a virus infecting an amoeba.
这只名叫Sputnik的小家伙只有21个基因，是病毒感染阿米巴变形虫的第一个例子。
Since then, dozens of other virophages have been found, and while there's still a lot we don't know about this madness, the basics are familiar.
那之后，人们发现了许多种其他的噬病毒体，尽管关于这种疯狂的物种，我们还有很多不知道的东西，但是基本的事情我们是熟悉的，
After infecting its first host, Sputnik releases its DNA into the amoeba.
在感染了它的第一个宿主后，Sputnik会把它的DNA释放到变形虫体内。
Unable to reproduce on its own, it then attaches to an already-present mamavirus, injecting its genetic material into that second host too.
由于自身无法繁殖，它就依附在一种已经存在的mamavirus上，把它的遗传物质也注射到第二宿主体内。
Once inside, this foreign DNA hijacks the host's 'viral factory' so it can begin to replicate, ultimately making it harder for the mamavirus to do the same.
一旦进入体内，这种外来DNA就会劫持宿主的“病毒工厂”，从而开始复制，最终使mamavirus更难复制。
It's David and Goliath on a miniscule scale. Today, we know virophages can infect both mama and mimiviruses, as well as plenty of others.
这是大卫和歌利亚的缩影。今天，我们知道病毒噬菌体可以感染mama和mimi病毒，以及许多其他病毒。
As such, some consider them viral parasites, representing a whole new class of virus, while others think they are too basic to be called even that.
同样地，一些人称它们为病毒寄生虫，代表一种全新的病毒种类，然而其他人则认为它们太初级了，不能被叫做病毒寄生虫。
Whatever they are, they're probably important. And we keep learning more and more about virophages and giant viruses.
不管它们是什么，它们或许是重要的。我们正学习更多的关于嗜病毒体和巨型病毒的知识。
In fact, just last year, a paper was published stating that some giant viruses, called Pandoraviruses,
实际上，就在去年，一篇发表的论文指出，一些叫做潘多拉病毒的巨型病毒非常大，
are so large they can encode thousands of proteins, 90 percent of which are not seen anywhere else on Earth.
它们可以编码数千种蛋白质，其中90%是地球上其他地方看不到的。
Plus, not only do giant viruses appear to create genes, they also appear to steal them.
而且，巨型病毒不仅能创造基因，他们似乎也能窃取基因，
Sputnik and other virophages have remarkably similar genes to their hosts,
Sputnik和其它的嗜病毒体与宿主的基因非常相似，
which has experts wondering if these giant viruses are defending themselves by stealing genetic material from their viral parasites.
这让专家们想知道，这些巨型病毒是否通过窃取病毒寄生虫的遗传物质来保护自己。
All that is still up for debate, but the idea that viruses can create and transfer genes does fit well with another theory.
所有这些还有待商榷，但是病毒可以创造和转移基因的观点与另一种理论非常吻合。
More than a billion years ago, a giant DNA-based virus is thought to have infected a budding eukaryotic cell, somehow creating the first cell nucleus.
10亿多年前，一种巨大的DNA病毒被认为感染了一个正在萌芽的真核细胞，以某种方式创造了第一个细胞核。
Like I said, nature is full of surprises. Sometimes they're scary surprises, but still.
就像我说的，自然充满了惊奇。有时候他们是令人害怕的惊奇，但是依然。
So are there any questions about the body that you have for us?
所以你有没有什么关于身体的问题想问我们？
Let me know now in the comment section below and your question could become a future video.
请在下面的评论区告诉我们，你的问题可能或制作成未来的视频。
As always my name is Blocko! This has been Life Noggin! Don't forget to keep on thinking.
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想。足考不要停！思考不要停！
