Among the great poets of literary history, certain names like Homer, Shakespeare, Milton, and Whitman are instantly recognizable.
在文学史上，那些伟大的诗人，像荷马，莎士比亚，弥尔顿以及惠特曼，都是我们耳熟能详的。
However, there's an early 20th century great French poet whose name you may not know: Guillaume Apollinaire.
但是，有一些20世纪早期的法国诗人我们可能并不知道他们的名字，例如，纪尧姆·阿波利奈尔。
He was a close friend and collaborator of artists like Picasso, Rousseau, and Chagall.
他是很多艺术家的密友和合作伙伴，例如毕加索，罗梭和夏加尔。
He coined the term surrealism, and he was even suspected of stealing the Mona Lisa in 1911.
他首创了“超现实主义”一词，而且在1911年，他被怀疑偷了名画 “蒙娜丽莎”。
During his short lifetime, he created poetry that combined text and image
在他短暂的一生里，他创作了许多图文并茂的诗歌，
in a way that seemingly predicted an artistic revolution to come.
这似乎在以一种方式预示着艺术革命即将到来。
In the late 19th and early 20th century Paris,
在19世纪末20世纪初，
the low-rent districts of Montmartre and Montparnasse were home to every kind of starving artist.
巴黎的低租区，像蒙马特和蒙帕纳斯，是各种落魄的艺术家的集聚地。
It was all they could afford. These painters, writers, and intellectuals,
他们只能住得起这样的地方。这些画家、作家和知识分子，
united in their artistic passion and counterculture beliefs, made up France's bohemian subculture.
集聚了他们的热情和反主流文化的信念，在法国形成了一股自由不羁的文化风气。
And their works of art, literature, and intellect would shake up the world.
他们在艺术、文学和知识上的创作撼动了世界。
At the turn of the 20th century, within this dynamic scene,
在20世纪初期，在这个动态的环境下，
art critic, poet, and champion of the avant-garde, Guillaume Apollinaire was a well-known fixture.
作为艺术评论家、诗人和文学先锋的纪尧姆·阿波利奈尔是十分著名的。
As an art critic, Apollinaire explained the cubist and surrealist movements to the world,
作为一名艺术评论家，阿波利奈尔认为许多立体主义者和超现实主义者，
and rose to the defense of many young artists in the face of what was often a xenophobic and narrow-minded public.
对很多年轻艺术家有抵触情绪，这源于他们对于外国文化入侵的恐惧以及他们狭隘的目光。
As a poet, Apollinaire was passionate about all forms of art and a connoisseur of medieval literature,
作为一个诗人，阿波利奈尔对各种形式的艺术都充满了热情，对于中世纪的文学，他绝对是一个内行者，
especially calligraphy and illuminated initials.
特别是在书法和首字母放大文化方面。
As a visionary, Apollinaire saw a gap between two artistic institutions.
作为一个空想家，他看到了两个艺术机构之间的鸿沟。
On one side was the popular, highly lauded traditional art forms of the time.
其中一边是流行的收到高度赞扬的传统文化形式。
On the other, the forms of artistic expression made possible through surrealism, cubism,
另一边是一种通过超现实主义让艺术表达成为现实、立体主义
and new inventions, like the cinema and the phonograph.
和一些新的发明，例如电影院和摄影。

Within that divide, through the creation of his most important contribution to poetry, the calligram,
在这种分歧中，通过创作最有贡献的诗歌、书法，
Guillaume Apollinaire built a bridge.
纪尧姆·阿波利奈尔在两者之前建起了一座桥梁。
Apollinaire created the calligram as a poem picture, a written portrait, a thoughts drawing,
他创造了画诗，一种文字形式的素描和绘画形式的思想，
and he used it to express his modernism and his desire to push poetry beyond the normal bounds of text and verse and into the 20th century.
他用这个来表达他的现实主义以及让诗歌摆脱原有文字和诗歌体裁的束缚的想法，并且一直延续了20世纪。
Some of his calligrams are funny, like the 'Lettre-Océan.'
他的一些画诗是很有趣的，像“Lettre-Ocean”。
Some of them are dedicated to his young dead friends, like 'La Colombe Poignardée et le jet d'eau.'
有一些是为了他逝去的年轻的朋友们创作的，像“La Colombe Poignardée et le jet d'eau”。
Some of them are the expression of an emotional moment, as is 'Il Pleut':
其中一些表达了激动人心的一刻，例如“II Pleut”：
'It's raining women's voices as if they had died even in memory, and it's raining you as well,
“雨，如女人柔弱的声音般落下，如同她已经从记忆中消失了一样，雨点也打向你，
Marvellous encounters of my life, o little drops.
我生命中那美妙的偶遇，化成雨珠滴滴。
Those rearing clouds begin to neigh a whole universe of auricular cities.
环状的乌云在城市上空尽情咆哮。
Listen if it rains while regret and disdain weep to an ancient music.
听听这雨声，为古老的乐章而后悔哭泣吧。
Listen to the bonds fall off which hold you above and below.'
看看这枷锁，它已经早已囚禁了你全身。
Each calligram is intended to allow readers to unchain themselves from the regular experience of poetry,
每篇画诗都是为了让读者从传统的诗歌体验中更好的释放自己，
and feel and see something new.
并从中感受和发现新的事物。
'Lettre-Océan' is first an image to be seen before even the words are read.
在“Lettre-Ocean”中，你甚至不用翻开书本，光听名字就有了画面。
Text-only elements combine with words in shapes and forms.
书中仅有文字，但都有自己的形状和风格。
Two circular forms, one locked in a square, the other, morph beyond the page in the shape of a spiral.
两种循环的形式，一个被所在正方形里，另一种以螺旋的形态在改变。
Together they create a picture that hints towards cubism.
他们合在一起形成了立体主义。
Then on closer reading of the text, the descriptive words within suggest the image of an aerial view of the Eiffel Tower.
然后，为了进一步的阅读文章，一部分的描述性文字甚至展现成了从空中俯视埃菲尔铁塔的样子。
They give tribute to electromagnetic waves of the telegraph, a new form of communication at the time.
他们为电报中电磁波的研究作出了极大的贡献，也就是当时新的一种通信方式。
Undoubtedly, the deeply layered artistic expressions in Apollinaire's calligrams
毫无疑问，在阿波利奈尔的诗画中，那些深层次的表达
are not just a brilliant display of poetic prowess from a master of the form.
不仅仅是一种超凡的、大师级的作品形式。
Each calligram itself is also a snapshot in time,
每篇诗画像都是对一个场景的抓拍，
encapsulating the passion, the excitement, and the anticipation of all the bohemian artists of Paris,
充满着着热爱、激动以及对巴黎的那些自由不羁的艺术家的期望，
including Apollinaire, most of whom are well ahead of their time,
包括阿波利奈尔自己，他们中的大多数往往已经走在时代的最前沿，
and with their innovative work, eagerly grasping for the future.
带着他们颠覆性的作品以及对未来热切的渴望。