(单词翻译:单击)
Most of the time when a large object passes through your skull, you will receive what is called a lethal injury.
大多数时候，当一个大物体穿过你的头骨时，你会受到所谓的致命伤害。
But for one person named Phineas Gage that famously did not happen and you don't survive an iron rod through your brain without psychologists paying attention.
但对于一个叫菲尼亚斯·盖奇的人来说，这些众所周知的结果却没有发生，如果没有心理学家的关注，你就算在铁棒穿过大脑后幸存下来也无人问津。
So his name can be found in basically every intro to psych class.
所以，他的名字基本上可以在每一个心理学课程介绍中找到。
But if your story travels far and wide, chances are it doesn't get told right every time.
但如果你的故事广为流传，很有可能不是每次都能被讲对。
so it's no surprise that the tale of Phineas Gage has become quite colorful and inaccurate in most cases.
因此，菲尼亚斯·盖奇的故事在大多数情况下变得有趣又不准确也就不足为奇了。
But what's true is that he survived a seemingly unsurvivable injury and his stunning recovery helped settle some debates about how the brain works.
但事实是，他从一场看似无法幸存的伤病中活了下来。他惊人的复原力帮助解决了一些关于大脑运作方式的争论。
The first part of the story is usually told correctly.
故事的第一部分通常说的没错。
In 1848 Gage was 25 and a foreman helping lay railroad tracks in Vermont.
1848年，25岁的盖奇是一名工头，他在佛蒙特州协助铺设铁轨。
He was using an iron rod three and a half feet long and over an inch wide, to packs sand onto an explosive when it went off, firing the rod at his head.
他使用一根3.5英尺长、1英寸多宽的铁棒，把沙子弄到炸药上时，铁棒被炸到了他的头上。
The rod entered his skull below his left eye and then came out through the top of his head, landing about thirty yards behind him.
铁棒从左眼下方进入头骨，然后从头顶出来，落在他身后大约三十码处。
He miraculously survives, but the doctor who first treated him reported that his friends said he was quote no longer Gage.
他奇迹般地活了下来，但给他治疗的首位医生报告说，他的朋友们都说，他不再是那个盖奇了。
The injury had changed his personality, and that's about where the story starts to spiral out of control.
伤势改变了他的性格，故事就是从这里失控的。
In some stories, Gages described as becoming a monster of a man, a mean psychopath that could never function again in society.
在一些故事中，盖奇被描述成无法重新回归社会的食人怪物，卑鄙的精神变态者。
Some textbooks say that he never worked again that he became a vagrant or a circus attraction, or in one example that he survived for 20 years with the rod still in his skull.
一些教科书说，他再也没有工作过，变成了一个乞丐或马戏团的噱头。在一个故事中，他活了20年，而铁棒一直留在他的头骨里。
But pretty much none of that's true.
但这些可能都不是真的。
We only have a few primary sources for Gage's life and most are from the doctor who first treated him, an American physician named John Harlow, but those records suggests that in some ways age recovered pretty quickly.
对于盖奇的生活，我们只有几个主要的来源，而且大多数都来自首位给他做治疗的美国医生约翰·哈洛，但这些记录表明盖奇在某些方面恢复得相当快。
Within four weeks of the accident, Harlow recorded that Gages memory was as perfect as ever.
在事故发生后的四周内，哈洛记录盖奇的记忆力和以往一样完美。
For example, a visiting doctor wrote that a stranger would notice nothing peculiar about him and six months later Harlow that Gage was fully recovered though that might have been a little optimistic.
例如，一位来访的医生写道，一个未注意到自身特异的陌生人。六个月后哈洛说，盖奇已经完全恢复了，虽然这可能有点乐观。
He later described Gage as being intellectually impaired nothing extreme just a little slower at things.
后来，他把盖奇描述为智力受损，并不是特别严重，只是反应有些迟钝。
Like, Gage had previously been thought of as one of the best at his job and a shrewd smart businessman, but some of his post injury records suggest he became kind of average.
盖奇曾被认为是他所从事的工作中最出色的一员，他也是一位精明的商人，但受伤后的一些记录表明，他变得平庸了。
And it is true that he didn't get his old job back though that probably wasn't due to a cognitive impairment.
他确实没能回去工作，但这可能不是因为认知障碍。
But rather because he became harder to work with.
而是因为他变得更难相处。
Reports suggest that after the accident he lacked respect and kindness was more profane and gotten more conflicts.
有报道称，事故发生后，他缺乏尊重和仁慈之心，变得更加世俗，也更容易和别人发生冲突。
In other words, he suffered a social impairment, at least at first but he didn't become like a wholly horrible person like some accounts suggest and he did in fact hold down a steady job later on.
换句话说，他的社会功能受损，至少开始时是这样的。但他并不像某些报道所说的那样变成了一个完全可怕的人。事实上，他后来保住了一份稳定的工作。
Gage moved to Chile and worked as a carriage driver for years though not considered as high status as his old job as a foreman it still required him to exercise social skills as well as cognitive and motor skills.
盖奇移居到智利，做了多年的马车司机，虽然这份工作不像以前做工头那样有很高的地位，但仍然需要他锻炼社会技能，以及认知和运动技能。
And a doctor who knew him there described him as having quote no impairment whatever.
一位认识他的智利医生说，他没有任何损伤。
So clearly he wasn't permanently unemployable or unable to function in society.
很明显，他不是永远无法工作，也不是无法在社会中发挥作用。
It's likely that such larger than life stories of Gage arose in part through honest mistakes.
盖奇的传奇故事很可能是部分误传所致。
Like the idea that he was a circus attraction may have arose, because he likely made some paid appearances at Barnum's Museum in New York, which though named for that same PT Barnum of Barnum and Bailey was not part of any circus.
比如，说他是马戏团噱头的说法，可能是因为他曾在纽约巴纳姆博物馆做过一些有报酬的工作，尽管与巴纳姆和贝利马戏团是同一个巴纳姆，但它却并不属于马戏团。
And it seems like some psychologists writing about him later on got his case mixed up with later cases of brain damage.
后来，似乎有些心理学家在撰写关于他的文章时，把他的案例与之后的脑损伤案例混淆了。
Also before PDFs and the internet it was likely pretty hard for textbook writers to get their hands on the actual case notes to fact-check what they'd heard.
同样，在PDF和互联网出现之前，教科书编写者很难掌握实际的案例记录，用以核实他们听到了什么。
But another big reason that myths grew about Gage is the same reason he's a pretty important figure in the history of psychology.
但另一个有关盖奇的神话不断增长的原因是，他也是心理学史上一个非常重要的人物。
Almost immediately he became like a pawn in fights over how the brain works.
他几乎立刻就成为研究大脑运作方式的工具。
Today we take for granted the idea that parts of the brain are specialized for certain purposes.
现在，我们想当然地认为大脑的某些部分专门用于特定的目的。
But at the time no one was certain of that and others had a more holistic view, basically that all of it was equally important for pretty much everything.
但在当时，没有人对此表示确定，其他人则抱有更为全面的观点，基本上而言，大脑的各个部位对完成几乎所有事情都同样重要。
In fact at the time the biggest of specialization were phrenologists.
事实上，当时专业化程度最高的是骨相学家。
Adherence of the racist pseudoscience which proposed that personality and intelligence were related to bumps in the skull.
遵循种族主义伪科学，该理论认为人格和智力与颅骨隆起有关。
So some psychologists may have emphasised Gage's recovery specifically to attack phrenology and being able to recover did seem to argue against specialization.
因此，一些心理学家可能特别强调了盖奇的康复，用以攻击骨相学，而且他的复原似乎可以用来反对该理论。
After all if the brain was specialized you couldn't lose a lot of brain tissue and still be mostly fine meanwhile.
毕竟，如果大脑各区是专门化的，你不可能在失去大量的脑组织的同时，还能基本上运作正常。
According to the phrenologist again were wrong the rod hit him in the parts of the brain responsible for benevolence and veneration.
骨相学家还表示过，铁棒打在他大脑中负责仁爱和崇敬的部位。
So they likely over emphasized the changes in his social abilities leading to the bizarre stories that then snowballed.
因此，他们可能过分强调他社交能力的变化，导致后来出现越来越多的离奇故事。
Today Gage's true story fits with our understanding of brain specialization, just not the way that phrenologist thought.
今天，盖奇的故事符合我们对大脑专业化的理解，而不是像骨相学家所认为的那样。
What exactly happened to his brain wouldn't be studied in depth until over a century and a half.
一个半世纪之后，才得以对他的大脑到底怎么了进行深入研究。
After his accident, Gage died 11 years after the incident and was buried but his skull was later exhumed.
盖奇在事故发生11年后去世，尸体被埋葬，但他的头骨后来被挖掘出来。
And in a study published in 2012 and +1 researchers were able to create a 3d model of that skull to fully examine what happened to it.
在2012年发表的一项研究中，研究人员能够建立一个头盖骨的3D模型来全面检查它到底遭遇了什么。
Based on the placement of the fractures and what's known from modern imaging of brain anatomy, the researchers suggested that the damage was largely to his left frontal lobe, a part of the brain which is associated with decision-making and emotional processing.
根据骨折的位置和现代大脑解剖成像的结果，研究人员认为损伤部位主要是他的左额叶，这部分大脑与决策和情绪处理有关。
That might explain some of the more subtle deficits he suffered.
这也许可以解释他遭受的一些更微妙的缺陷。
They also found that it was likely most of the damage occurred to white brain matter instead of gray matter.
他们还发现，大部分损伤可能发生在脑白质上，而不是灰质上。
Brain tissue that appears white is made of the myelinated axons that connect neurons while gray matter is made mostly of neuron cell bodies.
脑组织呈白色，由连接神经元的髓鞘性轴突构成，而灰质主要由神经元细胞体构成。
The research proposed that Gage lost around 11 percent of his white matter, specifically white matter connecting the orbital frontal cortex of the frontal lobe to the limbic system.
研究表明，盖奇损失了约11%的白质，特别是连接额叶额眶皮质和边缘系统的白质。
While perhaps only losing 4 percent of his gray matter and that could help explain his recovery because while grey matter doesn't grow back well after injury.
只有4%的灰质损失或许可以解释他的康复，因为灰质在受伤后未能很好的恢复。
It is possible for white matter to regenerate.
白质有可能再生。
This also makes Gage's case look a lot like modern degenerative diseases like frontotemporal dementia.
这也使得盖奇的病例看起来很像额颞叶痴呆等现代退行性疾病。
Similar brain regions are affected by disease and some of the symptoms associated with personality change can also occur.
类似的大脑区域也会受到疾病的影响，一些与人格改变相关的症状也会发生。
And not modern comparison is a good reminder of why it's important to debunk the myths about Phineas Gage.
这很好地提醒了我们，为什么披露菲尼亚斯·盖奇神话的真相至关重要。
The wild stories about him becoming an unemployable vagrant can end up dehumanizing him,
关于他成为失业乞丐的疯狂故事最终会使他失去人性，
and we don't want to do that to people who experience accidents or brain damage today so keeping in mind the full life he lived after his accident can help remind us that everyone deserves to have their story told right.
我们不想对现在经历过事故或大脑损伤的人做同样的事。所以，谨记他在事故后的生活可以提醒我们，每个人经历的故事都应该正确地被讲述。
And the human brain is incredibly resilient.
人类的大脑有着难以置信的复原力。
Thanks for watching this episode of scishow psyche if you like learning about the human brain you are in the right place.
感谢收看本集心理科学秀节目，如果你喜欢了解人脑的话，我们的节目就是你要寻找的内容。
Check out some of our other episodes to learn more about how our minds work. I really like the one that we did on how surprisingly smart babies are for example because my baby is definitely surprisingly smart.
看看其他节目的片段，了解更多关于大脑工作方式的信息。比如，我很喜欢我们制作的关于宝宝聪明惊人的视频，因为我的宝宝肯定超聪明。
And don't forget to click on that subscribe button to make sure you never miss an episode.
别忘了点击订阅按钮，确保你不会错过任何一集节目。
