(单词翻译:单击)
Hi, I'm Craig and this is Crash Course Government and Politics,
大家好，我是克雷格，这里是政府与政治速成班。
and today, I'm gonna finish up our episodes on civil rights by talking about affirmative action.
今天，我将以平权行动结束我们关于民权的课程。
There's a few things I'm not gonna do in this episode, though.
不过在这一集里，有几件事我不想做。
First. I'm not gonna try to defend all aspects of affirmative action, I admit it's a problematic concept.
第一，我不会为平权法案的所有方面辩护，我承认这是个也会有问题的。
Second, I'm not gonna say that affirmative action isn't necessary or that it's racism, I'm pretty sure that that debate will go on in the comments.
第二，我并不是说平权法案是没有必要的，也不是说这是种族歧视，我很确定辩论将会在评论中继续进行。
What I am gonna do is define affirmative action, describe how the courts have dealt with it, and try to explain why it has existed and continues to exist.
我要做的是定义平权行动，描述法院是如何处理它的，并试图解释为什么它已经存在，并继续存在。
So let's start with the easy part and define affirmative action.
让我们从简单的部分开始，定义平权行动。
Affirmative action is a government or private program designed to redress historic injustices against specific groups by making special efforts to provide members of these groups with access to educational and employment opportunities.
平权行动是一项政府或私人项目，旨在通过特别努力为特定群体提供受教育和就业机会，纠正历史上对特定群体的不公正。
I like this definition because it also explains why affirmative action exists –
我喜欢这个定义，因为它也解释了平权行动存在的原因——
to redress historic injustices which means discrimination.
纠正历史上的不公正，这意味着歧视。
The key aspect of affirmative action is that it provides special access to opportunities, usually in education and employment, to members of groups that have been discriminated against.
平权行动的关键方面是，通常是在教育和就业方面，为受歧视群体的成员提供了特殊的机会。
Now, where affirmative action gets controversial is when you look at the two ideas of access and opportunity.
平权法案引起争议的地方是当你看到通道和机会这两个概念时。
When you poll Americans they generally favor equality of opportunity
当你对美国人进行民意调查时，他们普遍赞成机会平等
although they usually don't like it when the government tries to promote equality of outcomes, usually by redistributing wealth, but I'm getting ahead of myself.
虽然他们通常不喜欢政府试图促进结果的平等，通常是通过重新分配财富，但我有点超前了。
This means that Americans generally think that other Americans should have an equal shot at success even though they don't imagine that all Americans will be equally successful.
这意味着美国人普遍认为其他美国人应该有平等的成功机会，即使他们并不认为所有的美国人都会取得同样的成功。
Not all of us can be Donald Trump, although not all of us want to be.
不是所有人都能成为唐纳德·特朗普，尽管不是所有人都想成为。
Since we tend to believe in the USA that education and jobs are the keys to success, equality of opportunity is tied up in access to these two things, and that's why they are the focus of affirmative action efforts.
由于我们倾向于相信在美国，教育和就业是成功的关键，机会平等与获得这两件事紧密相连，这就是为什么他们是平权行动努力的重点。
Here's where it gets tricky.
这就有点棘手了。
In order to increase access to education and job opportunities for members of groups that are historically discriminated against,
为了增加历史上受到歧视的群体成员获得教育和就业机会的机会，
affirmative action programs try to ensure that they get extra special access to jobs and schools, which, to many people, is not equality of opportunity.
平权行动计划试图确保有额外的特殊机会得到工作、受到教育，而对许多人来说，这并不是机会平等。
Legal types often will use the metaphor of a thumb on the scale to describe the added benefits that affirmative action programs supposedly provide,
法律类型的人通常会用拇指在天平上的比喻来描述平权行动计划应该提供的额外好处，
but we could also see it as a head start in a foot race, which is the metaphor I prefer for reasons I'll explain in a bit.
但我们也可以把它看作是一场赛跑的开端，我更喜欢这个比喻，原因我稍后会解释。
But first let's go to the Thought Bubble.
首先让我们进入思想泡泡。
So while affirmative action started with LBJ ordering government agencies to pursue policies that increase the employment of minorities in their own ranks and in soliciting contracts,
詹姆斯让政府机构推行政策，增加少数族裔在自己队伍中的就业，并在争取合同，平权行动正式拉开序幕，
the first time it made a splash at the supreme court was over the issue of university education.
第一次在最高法院引起轰动是在大学教育问题上。
Specifically, in the landmark case of Regents of the University of California versus Bakke in 1973,
具体来说，在具有里程碑意义的加州大学董事会诉巴克案中，
the court ruled on the issue of racial set-asides, or quotas, in admissions at the University of California Davis, Medical school.
最高法院就加州大学戴维斯医学院招生中存在的种族偏见问题做出了裁决。
Of the 100 slots available to incoming med students, 16 were set aside for racial minorities.
在100个医学院新生入学名额中，有16个名额留给了少数族裔。
Bakke claimed that this meant that some people who were less qualified than he was, at least he felt so, got into Davis med school and Bakke didn't.
巴克声称，这意味着一些不如他有资格的人，至少他是这么认为的，进入了戴维斯医学院，而巴克没有。
So he sued, claiming that the quotas discriminated against him because he was white.
因此他提起诉讼，声称配额歧视他，因为他是白人。
The supreme court ruled in Bakke's favor, saying that racial quotas were not allowed since they didn't provide equal opportunity,
最高法院做出了有利于巴克的裁决，称种族配额是不允许的，因为他们不能提供平等的机会，
but they also ruled that affirmative action programs were allowed if they served a compelling government interest, and were narrowly tailored to meet that interest.
但他们也裁定，平权行动计划是被允许的，前提是能满足政府的强烈利益，而且仅限于满足这种利益。
In other words, if they'd passed the test of strict scrutiny.
换句话说，如果他们通过了严格审查的考验。
One of the more interesting things about this decision is the kind of stuff the court said constitutes a compelling government interest.
关于这一裁决，更有趣的事情之一是法院所说的构成政府强制利益的东西。
They rejected the idea that righting historical wrongs was something that the government should undertake, probably because it opens up all kinds of historical cans of worms, especially the question of who decides when and if a historical wrong has been redressed.
他们拒绝接受纠正历史错误是政府应该做的事情的观点，可能是因为它打开了各种各样的历史难题，特别是谁决定何时以及是否纠正了历史错误的问题。
What they did say was that compelling government interest was ensuring diversity in university admissions.
他们说的是，政府的当务之急是确保大学招生的多样性。
This is true in general, and as long as we can imagine there being universities, the state has an interest in seeing that their classes represent diverse viewpoints.
总的来说，这是正确的，只要我们能想象有大学，国家就有兴趣看到不同阶层代表不同的观点。
Diversity benefits both the members of the minority and majority groups, at least in the minds of the court.
多样性对少数群体和多数群体的成员都有利，至少在法院看来是这样。
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
谢谢，思想泡泡。
This is just a pretty serious video I don't know when I was gonna get that eagle punch in so I just did it there.
这是一个很严肃的视频，我不知道什么时候才能把老鹰拳打进去，所以我就在那里打了。
The early 1970's were the high tide of affirmative action in the U.S,
美国平权运动的高潮在70年代早期，
and ever since then the courts have looked less favorably at affirmative action claims.
自那以后，法院对平权法案的审理就不那么有利了。
Because they apply strict scrutiny, most affirmative action claims are struck down.
因为他们实行严格的审查，大多数平权行动的主张都被否决了。
This was clarified in the case of Adarand Constructors Inc. versus Pe?a in 1995 which dealt with racial preferences in the hiring of subcontractors on government projects.
这一点在1995年Adarand Constructors Inc.对Pena案中得到了澄清，该案件涉及在政府项目雇用分包商时的种族优惠。
Although this case meant that the government was not supposed to give preferential treatment to minority-owned businesses, or those that employed a large number of minorities,
虽然这个案例意味着政府不应该给予少数族裔拥有的企业或雇佣大量少数民族的企业优惠待遇，
a government report from 2005 found that at least as far as the federal agencies were concerned, the practice was still widespread.
但2005年的一份政府报告发现，至少就联邦机构而言，这种做法仍然很普遍。
In most of the cases it hears, the court has struck down affirmative action provisions because they fail one or another of the strict scrutiny tests,
在它审理的大多数案件中，法院已经否决了平权法案的条款，因为这些条款没有通过严格的审查测试，
but the basic idea that universities can create programs to build and maintain a diverse student body has been upheld.
但是，大学可以创建项目来建立和维持多样化的学生群体这一基本理念得到了支持。
Two relatively recent cases involving the University of Michigan show how complicated it can be.
密歇根大学最近发生的两起相关案例表明了其复杂程度。
In the 2003 case of Gratz versus Bollinger, the court ruled that Michigan's undergraduate admissions policy,
在2003年格拉茨诉博林格尔一案中，法院裁定密歇根大学的本科招生政策是违宪的，
which awarded extra points to people in racial minority groups, was unconstitutional because it was not narrowly tailored to meeting the goal of student body diversity.
因为该政策并不仅仅是为了满足学生群体多元化的目标而量身定制的，而是为少数族裔群体加分。
In the same year, in the case of Grutter versus Bollinger, Bollinger just keeps showing up to the supreme court because he was the President of the University of Michigan at the time, lucky.
同年，在格拉特和伯林格的案件中，伯林格不断出现在最高法院，因为他当时是密歇根大学的校长，很幸运。
The court ruled that the admissions policy of Michigan's law school was narrowly tailored to meet the goal of promoting diversity although it said that in 25 years such a program might not be necessary.
法院裁定，密歇根大学法学院的招生政策是经过严格调整的，以满足促进多样性的目标，尽管法院表示，在25年内，这样的项目可能没有必要。
So at the time we're making this episode, the idea that universities can take race into account in their admissions so that they can create a diverse learning environment for their students is still constitutional,
所以我们制作这期节目的时候，“大学可以在招生时考虑到种族因素，从而为学生创造一个多样化的学习环境”的想法仍然是符合宪法的。
but the supreme court looks very carefully at the actual policy that the university has in place, and if it looks anything like a quota, they'll strike it down.
但是最高法院非常仔细地研究了大学的实际政策，如果它看起来像配额，他们就会取消它。
Turns out there was another place to punch the eagle.
原来还有另一个地方打老鹰。
Two times!
两次！
Affirmative action remains controversial and it looks like eventually it's going to disappear but maybe not right away.
平权法案仍然存在争议，看起来最终会消失，但可能不会马上消失。
In 1996, Californians passed a ballot initiative - Proposition 209 - that effectively outlawed affirmative action in public employment, public contracting, and public education, especially university admissions.
1996年，加州人通过了一项投票倡议——209号提案——有效地禁止了在公共就业、公共合同和公共教育，尤其是大学入学方面的平权行动。
After this initiative, also known as the California Civil Rights Initiative, passed over vocal and organized opposition, the graduation rate among African Americans in some California universities went up.
在这一倡议，也被称为加州民权倡议，克服了大声疾呼和有组织的反对之后，加州一些大学的非裔美国人毕业率上升了。
On the other hand, the enrolment rate of African Americans at many UC schools declined, and it only returned to 1996 levels in 2010.
另一方面，加州大学许多学校的非裔美国人入学率有所下降，直到2010年才恢复到1996年的水平。
Other states like Michigan had passed laws similar to California's Proposition 209 making it harder and harder for affirmative action programs to flourish.
密歇根州等其他州也通过了类似于加州209号提案的法律，使得平权行动计划越来越难以蓬勃发展。
But as is often the case in politics, people's response to affirmative action differs depending on how you ask the question.
但就像政治中经常出现的情况一样，人们对平权法案的反应也会因你如何提问而有所不同。
When phrased as an anti-discrimination measure, ballot measure like Prop 209 are quite popular,
当像209号提案这样的投票措施被称为反歧视措施时，
but when people are asked if they want to get rid affirmative action their responses are not always so positive.
但当人们被问及是否想废除平权法案时，他们的回答并不总是那么积极。
Support for affirmative action remains, and I suspect that this is because many people still recognize that some form of support for minority groups is needed in the U.S.
对平权行动的支持仍然存在，我怀疑这是因为许多人仍然认识到，美国需要某种形式的对少数群体的支持
And this brings me back to the reason why we have affirmative action in the first place.
这让我想到了平权法案出台的初衷。
While the courts have ruled that attempting to correct the historical injustices of slavery and Jim Crow laws are not a compelling enough interest to justify affirmative action, for many, they are.
虽然法院裁决，试图纠正奴隶制和种族隔离法的历史不公正现象，不足以构成平权行动的充分理由，但对许多人来说，他们的兴趣是令人信服的。
Minority groups, and in particular African Americans, have suffered from horrible treatment and legal disability from the time they began arriving as slaves in 1619.
少数民族，尤其是非洲裔美国人，自1619年作为奴隶来到美国以来，一直遭受着可怕的待遇和法律上的残疾。
Even after the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964, full equal opportunity was still not a reality.
即使在1964年通过民权法案之后，仍然不存在完全平等的机会。
Opinions vary on whether affirmative action is still necessary today,
关于平权法案在今天是否仍有必要，众说纷纭，
and your point of view depends a lot on your personal history and your politics, which as we'll see in the next few episodes, are deeply intertwined.
你的观点在很大程度上取决于你的个人历史和政治，我们将在接下来的几集看到，它们是紧密交织在一起的。
Thanks for watching, see you next week.
感谢收看，下周见。
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
《政府与政治速成班》是与PBS数字工作室合作制作的。
Support for Crash Course U.S. Government comes from Voqal.
对政府速成班的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持使用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织，在Voqal.org上了解他们的使命和倡议。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org.
更多关于他们的使命和倡议，请访问voqal.org。
Crash Course was made with the help of all these nice people.
速成班是所有这些善良公民的帮助下完成的。
Thanks for watching.
谢谢收看。
