(单词翻译:单击)
People don't really talk about postpartum depression.
产后抑郁症鲜少有人提及。
After all, you've just had a baby!
毕竟，孩子刚生下不久!
It's chubby, and it smells nice! You should be so happy!
胖乎乎的，很正常！你应该高兴才对!
But more often than not, new parents aren't.
但通常情况下，初为父母的他们不会有喜色。
A period of sadness after giving birth is so common that we have a colloquial name for it: the baby blues.
女性在生完孩子后普遍有一段悲伤期，我们给它起了一个通俗点的名字——产后忧郁症。
70 to 80% of new parents get it after giving birth, but approximately 1 in 7 experience a sadness that's more severe and lingering: postpartum depression.
70%到80%刚生完孩子的新手父母会患上此病，但将近1/7患者的症状会更加严重，久久不能痊愈，出现产后抑郁症。
It's a real disorder that happens to a lot of people, and it's totally treatable.
很多人都会经历这种疾病，这种疾病完全可以治愈。
But here's something that might throw you for a loop: It's even pretty common for the parent who didn't give birth.
但你肯定没有想到：这种病甚至在没有孩子的父母中间很常见。
So let's talk about it.
下面我们就来说说这件事。
First, though, we should mention that this research is mostly focused on straight, cisgender couples having a baby biologically.
首先，我们要提到的是，研究对象主要是生物学上能生育的异性恋夫妇。
Obviously, families come in all shapes and sizes, but the science hasn't really caught up yet for same-sex couples, transgender parents, and people who adopt.
显然，家庭的构造和人数各不相同，但科学研究还没有涉及同性伴侣、变性父母和领养人。
So there's not much we can say about postpartum depression in those groups.
所以，我们对于这些人群的产后抑郁症并没有太多的了解。
Chop chop, science!
快点，快点，从科学上解释。
But with that important caveat, postpartum depression as we understand it today is a mood disorder that occurs after childbirth.
重要的一点是，产后抑郁症是分娩后的一种情绪障碍。
It causes sadness, exhaustion, and anxiety that interferes with day-to-day life.
这种病会导致悲伤、疲惫和焦虑的情绪，干扰日常生活，
For women having a child, it usually starts shortly after birth and can last weeks or months.
它通常发生在女性刚生下孩子不久，可能持续数周或数月。
It can affect any new mother — it doesn't matter if the pregnancy was hard or easy.
这种病对任何一个新妈妈都有影响——不管是顺产还是难产的女性。
And for half of the women diagnosed with it, it's their first-ever depressive episode.
一半的产后女性被诊断患有抑郁症，这是她们第一次被诊断患上这种病。
Postpartum depression, also known as PPD, can look really different in different people, which can make it tricky to diagnose and understand.
因为每个人的症状不同，所以产后抑郁症（也被称为PPD）诊断和理解起来颇为困难。
Symptoms for women often include mood swings, frequent crying, trouble bonding with the baby, tiredness, fear that they won't be a good mother, and a sense of worthlessness or shame.
女性的症状通常包括情绪波动、频繁哭泣、与宝宝相处困难、疲倦、担心自己做不好妈妈、觉得自己没有价值或感到羞耻。
The symptoms also tend to include a lot more restlessness and impaired decision-making than other kinds of depression.
与其他类型的抑郁症相比，产后抑郁症往往表现为更多的躁动和决策障碍。
Much less attention has been given to PPD in men, which means it's much harder to tell how many new fathers experience it.
我们对男性产后抑郁症的关注比女性产后抑郁症要少得多，这意味着很难说有多少新手爸爸患上产后抑郁症。
Estimates range from 4% to 25%.
估计在4%到25%之间。
If nothing else, we do know that, for them, PPD sets in a little longer after the baby is born.
别的不说，我们知道，男性产后抑郁症发生在婴儿出生后一段时间。
Still, because men tend to present as more anxious than women do when they're depressed, some experts think we might not have the right tools to evaluate whether men have PPD.
尽管如此，由于男性在抑郁时比女性表现得更焦虑，一些专家认为我们可能没有合适的工具来评估男性是否患有产后抑郁症。
There's also still a lot of debate about what causes this kind of depression.
关于抑郁的原因，还存在诸多争论。
There are a couple of hypotheses, and one is that it has to do with hormones, which makes perfect sense to anyone who has ever had PMS.
有两个假设，一个是与荷尔蒙有关，这个假设对任何有过经前症候群的人来说都相当成立。
In women, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and cortisol all drop dramatically after childbirth.
女性在分娩后，其雌激素、黄体酮、催乳素和皮质醇在都会显著下降。
And men experience fluctuating levels of similar hormones, along with testosterone and vasopressin, during and immediately after their female partner's pregnancy.
在女性伴侣怀孕期间和怀孕之后，男性的荷尔蒙也会随着睾丸素和抗利尿激素的起伏而波动。
But studies of both humans and non-human animals haven't been able to draw a solid link between specific hormones and the symptoms of PPD.
但是，未曾找到人类和非人类动物之间特定激素和产后抑郁症之间的联系。
Another idea is that this condition has to do with all the intense life change that's happening when you have a baby.
另一个假设是与生完孩子后巨大的生活变化有关。
Transitioning to parenthood is hard.
转变为父母是很困难的。
There's the sleep deprivation.
要经历睡眠不足。
The need to develop a new sense of identity.
要培养一种新的认同感。
The sleep deprivation.
睡眠不足。
The change in your day-to-day routine.
日常生活会被改变。
The gap between the support you thought you were going to get from your friends and family and what you're actually getting.
你认为你能从朋友和家人那里得到的支持和你实际得到的支持存有差距。
Oh, and did I mention the sleep deprivation?
哦，我有提到睡眠不足吗?
Ultimately, most psychologists agree that PPD is caused by a mix of biological and social factors, a wild hormonal cocktail dumped on top of one of the most stressful periods someone can experience.
基本上，大多数心理学家都认为，产后抑郁症是生物和社会因素共同作用的结果，它是某人在经历最紧张一个时期释放的荷尔蒙混合物。
And with that in mind, there are some risk factors that can predict how likely you are to get postpartum depression.
知道这一点，一些风险因素可以帮助预测患上产后抑郁症的可能性。
They include a previous history of depression, a poor marital relationship or a lack of social support, and stressful life events.
这些因素包括先前的抑郁史，糟糕的婚姻关系或缺乏社会支持和紧张生活事件。
In men, the strongest predictor is whether their female partner has PPD, with 25-50% of new fathers experiencing this kind of depression if their female partner also has it.
男性的风险因素中，最主要在于其女性伴侣是否患有产后抑郁症，如果是的话，那么25-50%刚升级为爸爸的男性也会经历产后抑郁症。
But here's the thing… even if we don't know exactly what causes PPD, we do know that it's pretty bad news for the kid.
但问题是，即使我们不知道产后抑郁症产生的原因，我们知道这对孩子来说是个坏消息。
There's a ton of research showing that parental depression can affect children's development.
大量研究表明患有抑郁症的父母会影响孩子的发育。
The list just goes on and on, from delayed cognitive development and motor function to difficult temperament to attentional difficulties.
从认知发育迟缓和运动功能障碍到困难型气质和注意力障碍，这样的例子不胜枚举。
And having two depressed parents is even more of a risk factor for these problems than one.
父母两人都患有抑郁症比一个患有抑郁症更容易引发这些问题。
The good news is that PPD can be treated with therapy.
庆幸的是产后抑郁症可以被治愈。
Several studies have found that women who received interpersonal therapy recovered from their depressive episode significantly better than those in a waiting list condition.
一些研究发现，接受人际关系治疗的女性明显比等待治疗的女性恢复要好。
And cognitive behavioral therapy, which works with patients to challenge problematic thoughts and change destructive patterns of behavior, has also been shown to work.
认知行为疗法——与病人一起挑战有问题的想法和改变破坏性的行为模式，也被证明是有效的。
Medications can help, too, but breastfeeding women do need to be careful about which ones they take.
药物治疗也可以帮助治疗产后抑郁症，但母乳喂养的妇女需要注意服用药物。
Really, a bigger problem is that people don't seek out help.
事实上，治疗的更大问题在于人们不去治疗。
Over the years, studies have found that many women believed their PPD was a normal reaction to new motherhood or were ashamed of it.
多年来，研究发现许多女性认为她们的产后抑郁症是初为人母的正常反应，或者对此感到羞耻。
Some were even afraid that being labeled as "mentally ill" would make others think they couldn't be trusted to be good moms.
一些人甚至担心被贴上“精神疾病”的标签之后会让其他人认为她们不能成为好妈妈。
Which is not okay.
这是不对的。
We have got to destigmatize this stuff, so that people can get the help they need without fear or shame.
我们必须消除这些错误的认识，这样人们在得到帮助时而不会感到害怕或羞愧。
To that end, many experts have advocated for making PPD screening and treatment a normal part of prenatal care.
为此，许多专家提倡将产后抑郁筛查和治疗作为正常产前检查的一部分。
But in the meantime?
但与此同时呢?
We've just got to keep talking about it.
这个问题还得接着讨论。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych, especially to our patrons on Patreon!
感谢收看本集的心理科学秀，特别感谢Patreon对本节目的大力支持！
Our team couldn't make episodes like this without you.
没有Patreon，我们的团队不可能拍出这样的剧集。
If you'd like to help support free psychology education on the Internet, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你想在网上支持我们的免费心理教育，可以登陆patreon.com/scishow。
