(单词翻译:单击)
In September 2018, SpaceX announced that Yusaku Maezawa, a Japanese entrepreneur, would be taking the first private trip around the moon in the BFR, the giant rocket SpaceX is developing.
2018年9月，太空探索技术公司（SpaceX）宣布，日本企业家前泽友作会乘坐BFR去往月球进行首次私人的太空出行。BFR是SpaceX正在研发的超级火箭。
Not only that, but Maezawa is planning to give tickets for the ride to inspiring artists from all over the world, who will collaborate on a project he's calling Dear Moon.
不仅如此，前泽友作计划为有灵感的艺术家们提供免费升月的机会，获得机会的艺术家将协助其项目的进行，该项目名为“亲爱的月亮”。
It could be launched as early as 2023, although it will probably be later than that.
BFR最早将于2023年发射升空，不过也可能推迟。
That's one complicated art project, even taking it at face value.
这是一个非常复杂的艺术项目，不管是否从票面价值来看都是如此。
But if astronauts' previous experiences are any indication, this trip might change those artists in a profound, fundamental way.
但如果宇航员之前的经历能有所借鉴的话，那么这次旅途会极大地改变这些艺术家。
It's called the overview effect: a major shift in awareness that happens to some astronauts when they see the Earth from space.
改变的方式是通过总观效应，即一些宇航员在从太空中遥望地球的时候，其意识会出现巨大的转变。
We're only just starting to get an idea of how that shift affects people's thoughts and behaviors.
关于这种转变会如何影响人们的思维和行为，我们也还一知半解。
But it could teach us a lot about a part of the human psyche that we don't often get insights into.
但它能让我们了解很多有关人类心智的部分内容，这是我们以前没怎么探究过的领域。
The overview effect was first reported during the 1968 Apollo 8 mission, which orbited the Moon, although it wasn't named until nearly twenty years later.
总观效应首次见诸报道是在1968年的阿波罗8号的环月任务中。不过，大概20年后，总观效应才有了现在的名字。
According to astronauts, it happens when you see the whole world hanging there in the void of space:
据宇航员所述，当人从一片浩渺的太空里看地球的事后，就会出现总观效应——
it gives you an overwhelming awareness of the way the world operates.
感受到世界运作方式的视觉冲击。
Apparently you gain a deep appreciation for the beauty and fragility of the planet, as well as the pettiness of human conflict and meaninglessness of geographical borders, among other things.
比较明显的感觉是：人会深深感受到地球的美丽与脆弱，感受到人类冲突的渺小和国界划分的无意义等。
But it's more than just acknowledging the beauty of the view from all the way up there, or even the complexities of humans as a species.
但总观效应不仅限于认识到从太空里观看地球的壮美，甚至不仅限于感受到人类作为一个物种的复杂性。
Astronauts have been quoted as saying that the overview effect made them feel more connected to the planet and everyone living on it.
据称，有宇航员曾表示，总观效应让他们感到自己与地球及地球人之间的联系。
That all of a sudden, when they looked back at the Earth, they could clearly appreciate they were part of something bigger.
这都是在观看地球的一瞬间发生的，他们能明显地感受到自己只是沧海一粟。
Many are profoundly psychologically changed by the experience, and come home determined to make a difference.
很多人因为有了这样的经历而发生了心理上的巨大转变，在回家后就决心要有所作为。
I'm sure we can all think of a few people we might like to experience this overview effect.
我相信我们所有人心中都有几个人选，我们会希望他们能感受一下总观效应。
But it's only in the last decade or so that psychologists have begun to look into what exactly causes this massive cognitive shift,
但最近的10年里，心理学家才开始注意这种巨大认知转变的原因，
and whether it's something humans can only experience in space or if we can recreate something similar here on Earth.
以及人类是否只能在太空里感受到这种认知转变，或者说，我们是否能在地球上营造出类似的感受。
In a 2016 paper published in the journal Psychology of Consciousness, researchers analyzed astronauts' first-hand accounts of their experiences with the overview effect.
2016年，《意识心理学》上发布了一篇文章，其中，研究人员分析了宇航员对总观效应的一手体验。
When the team started thinking about existing psychological theories and frameworks from research here on Earth that might explain the phenomenon,
当该研究小组着手于思考现有的心理学理论和框架以解释总观效应时，
they suggested that it may be the work of two factors combined:
他们认为大概有2个因素：
First, there's the psychological experience of awe.
一是心里敬畏的感受。
And second, there's self-transcendence, a term that usually refers to the highest level of human consciousness, how we relate to the rest of our species and the rest of the universe.
二是自我超越的感受。自我超越这个词通常用来指最高层面的人类意识，即我们怎样看待自己和其他物种乃至整个宇宙间的关系。
Those are both things people experience on Earth, too, but often when they show up in psychological research it's in the context of religious experiences.
这两样东西，人类在地球上也能体验到。但当这两个因素出现在心理学研究中的时候，就有了宗教的意味。
You can see why both the overview effect and religious experiences might cause similar shifts in someone's understanding of the universe and their place in it.
我们可以看到为什么总观效应和宗教经历可能会引起某个人对宇宙和其所处环境理解的类似转变。
But you can't just, like, induce a religious experience in someone.
但是宗教体验是无法强加给某个人的。
And even if you could, most people probably wouldn't want that, regardless of their personal beliefs.
即便可以，大多数人很可能也不会希望这样，不管他们的个人信仰究竟是什么。
Still, there's something to be said for helping people feel more at one with the universe and part of something bigger than themselves.
不过有些话能帮助人类感受到天人合一，或者自己与环境的相融。
And it doesn't necessarily have to be tied to some spiritual awakening.
这不一定跟精神觉醒有关系。
In some of the most recent research into the overview effect, psychologists looked into how seeing the Earth from space affects astronauts' feelings of spirituality.
在最近有关总观效应的研究中，心理学家研究了从太空中回望地球会如何影响宇航员的心理感受。
And it turns out the overview effect doesn't seem to cause spiritual changes in astronauts.
结果是：总观效应似乎并不能引发宇航员的心理变化。
When the research team asked astronauts to rate the changes they experienced as a result of being in space, spirituality was least changed of all the measured factors.
当该研究小组询问宇航员身处太空中时所经历的心理变化时，所有变量中，心理状态的变化是最小的。
Instead, the most prominent changes were humanistic, feelings rooted in the value of human welfare, governed more by practical and critical thinking than by a belief in a higher power.
令人意外的是，变化最明显的是人文关怀的情愫。这种感情是深深植根于人类福祉的，所以更容易受到有实际作用的关键思考的影响，而非某种更为强大的信仰的影响。
Now, it's worth noting that many of these astronauts already had very high feelings of spirituality, which might be why those feelings didn't change much.
值得注意的是：很多宇航员已经的心理本身处于较为高亢的状态下，这可能是他们心理状态变化不大的原因。
Still, the results suggest that even though this combination of awe and self-transcendence is usually caused by religious experiences for those stuck here on Earth, it may not have to be.
不过，该研究结果还是表明，虽然敬畏与自我超越兼有的情绪通常是由从未去过太空的宗教体验所引起的，但这种情绪并不是必然的。
That could mean it's possible to take advantage of the overview effect in a therapeutic sense.
这意味着我们可以通过总观效应来产生治疗效果。
The research hasn't gotten that far yet, but there's a lot of potential here.
该研究的进展还不是很大，但还是很有潜力的。
Experiencing these feelings on a grand scale can alter what's known as a self-schema, a long-lasting, stable system of memories, beliefs, and knowledge that you hold about yourself.
大规模体验这种情绪可以改变人类的自我图式，即人类对自己长期、稳定的记忆、信仰和知识。
When something comes along and challenges your place in the world, your brain will either reject the challenge, or accommodate the new knowledge by changing your self-schema.
当某件事物冲击了你对世界本来的认知的时候，你的大脑会有两种反应：一是排斥它；二是适应它，并改变自己的自我图式。
Adjusting a self-schema can have a massive effect on someone's identity and behavior, and it's often emphasized in certain types of talk therapy.
调整自我图式会对一个人的身份认知和行为产生重大影响，通常会以某种谈心疗法的形式得到加强。
In cognitive behavioral therapy, for example, often the goal is to change unhelpful beliefs about the self, like I am inherently bad, in favor of more positive, beneficial thoughts and behaviors.
比如，认知行为治疗通常的目标是改变对自身无济于事的执念（比如：我骨子里是个坏人），转而用更为积极有益的方式去思考和做事。
It's no surprise, then, that astronauts who accommodate the newfound feeling that they're part of a huge, complex, fragile ecosystem suddenly feel motivated to make it a better place.
这样的话，我们自然就能理解宇航员选择适应其在大型复杂又脆弱的生态系统中出现的新感受，即突然有了动力，想让世界变得更加美好。
And by learning more about the overview effect and the emotions associated with it,
通过对总观效应及其连带情绪的了解，
we might be able to use what we've learned from sending humans to space to help people on Earth develop similarly profound, and healthier, understandings of themselves.
我们可能可以把人类在升空中学到的知识用于帮助人类以更健康的方式深入了解自己。
Either way, those artists participating in the Dear Moon project may well come back with a very different view of their place in the world, and might create some very different work as a result.
无论是哪种情况，这些参加该项目的艺术家们对于自己周围的世界会大有改观，或许最后还能大有作为。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Space!
感谢收看本期的《太空科学秀》！
We talk a lot about understanding the universe on this channel, but the lens through which we view it can be just as important.
我们的栏目讨论了很多有关对宇宙理解的内容，但我们看待问题的视角也同样重要。
So if you're interested in learning about other strange inner workings of the human brain, not just the ones that happen to people in space, you might want to check out our sister channel SciShow Psych.
所以，如果大家想了解其他有关人类大脑有趣的内在运作，而不只是宇航员在太空中的情况的话，不妨了解下《太空心理秀》。
Just go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe!
敬请订阅youtube.com/scishowpsych！
