In 1861, two scientists got into a very brainy argument.
1861年，两位科学家进行了一场头脑之争。
Specifically, they had opposing ideas of how speech and memory operated within the human brain.
特别是针对语言及记忆是如何在大脑内运作，他们持有不同的看法。
Ernest Aubertin, with his localistic model,
恩斯特·奥贝坦提出了区域模型，
argued that a particular region or the brain was devoted to each separate process.
认为大脑内的特定区域各自负责不同的程序。
Pierre Gratiolet, on the other hand, argued for the distributed model,
相反地，皮尔·格列提奥雷提出了分布式模型，
where different regions work together to accomplish all of these various functions.
脑内不同的区域一起运作，以完成许多的功能。
The debate they began reverberated throughout the rest of the century,
这个争论在十九世纪末造成回响，
involving some of the greatest scientific minds of the time.
当时一些具有最优秀科学头脑的人都参与其中。
Aubertin and his localistic model had some big names on his side.
有些大名鼎鼎的人赞同奥贝坦的区域模型。
In the 17th century, René Descartes had assigned the quality of free will and the human soul to the pineal gland.
十七世纪时，勒内·笛卡尔把自由意志及人类灵魂特质归因于脑内的松果腺。
And in the late 18th century, a young student named Franz Joseph Gall
十八世纪末，一位名叫弗朗兹·约瑟夫·加尔的年轻学生
had observed that the best memorizers in his class had the most prominent eyes
注意到班上记忆力最好的人，眼球长得特别突出，
and decided that this was due to higher development in the adjacent part of the brain.
这是因为脑内的连结部分比较发达所造成的结果。
As a physician, Gall went on to establish the study of phrenology,
身为一个医生，加尔建立颅相学的研究，
which held that strong mental faculties corresponded to highly developed brain regions, observable as bumps in the skull.
该理论认为拥有高智力的人大脑区域被高度开发，所以头盖骨会有明显的突出。
The widespread popularity of phrenology throughout the early 19th century tipped the scales towards Aubertin's localism.
颅相学在十九世纪早期相当普及，奥贝坦的区域模型取得优势。
But the problem was that Gall had never bothered to scientifically test
问题是加尔从不做科学实验，
whether the individual brain maps he had constructed applied to all people.
不知个别的颅相是否适用于所有人。
And in the 1840's, Pierre Flourens challenged phrenology by selectively destroying parts of animal brains and observing which functions were lost.
19世纪40年代，皮尔·佛罗伦萨以下列方法对颅相学提出质疑，他选择性破坏动物的大脑，并观察丧失那些功能。
Flourens found that damaging the cortex interfered with judgement or movement in general,
佛罗伦萨发现大脑皮质遭到破坏，一般而言，会影响判断力及活动功能，
but failed to identify any region associated with one specific function,
但没有辨认出大脑哪一区域与特定功能相链接，
concluding that the cortex carried out brain functions as an entire unit.
故推论大脑皮质以整体方式发挥大脑功能。
Flourens had scored a victory for Gratiolet, but it was not to last.
佛罗伦萨为格列提奥雷取得胜利，但持续不久。
Gall's former student, Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud, challenged Flourens' conclusion,
加尔之前的学生让-巴普蒂斯特·波伊劳德，对佛罗伦萨的论点提出质疑，
observing that patients with speech disorders all had damage to the frontal lobe.
他观察到有语言障碍的人都是额叶受损。

And after Paul Broca's 1861 autopsy of a patient who had lost the power to produce speech, but not the power to understand it,
1861年之后，保罗·布诺卡解剖了一个罹患失语症但是仍可了解语意的病人，
revealed highly localized frontal lobe damage, the distributed model seemed doomed. Localism took off.
显示其额叶区域严重受损，此时分布式模型似乎已注定失败。区域化模型大放异采。
In the 1870's, Karl Wernicke associated part of the left temporal lobe with speech comprehension.
19世纪70年代，卡尔·维尼克将部分颞叶与语言理解力作链接。
Soon after, Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch stimulated a dog's cortex
不久之后，爱德华·希兹格和古斯塔·费理希刺激狗的脑皮质后，
and discovered a frontal lobe region responsible for muscular movements.
发现额叶区域是负责肌肉运动的地方。
Building on their work, David Ferrier mapped each piece of cortex associated with moving a part of the body.
以这个成果为基础，戴维·费里尔将每一个大脑皮质与身体各部分的动作相对应。
And in 1909, Korbinian Brodmann built his own cortex map with 52 separate areas.
1909年，科比尼安·布洛德曼将他自己的皮质对应到52个不同区域。
It appeared that the victory of Aubertin's localistic model was sealed.
这时曾被遗忘的奥贝坦区域模型似乎获得了胜利。
But neurologist Karl Wernicke had come up with an interesting idea.
但神经病学家卡尔·温尼克提出一个有趣的构想。
He reasoned that since the regions for speech production and comprehension were not adjacent,
他推论：既然语言产生和理解力的区域没有相互链接，
then injuring the area connecting them might result in a special type of language loss, now known as receptive aphasia.
那么如果相关连的皮质区域受伤，结果应该会丧失某种语言功能，这就是大家所知道的接受性失语症。
Wernicke's connectionist model helped explain disorders that didn't result from the dysfunction of just one area.
温尼克的类神经网络模型，有助于说明失语症的产生不只是因为一个区域的机能障碍。
Modern neuroscience tools reveal a brain more complex than Gratiolet, Aubertin, or even Wernicke imagined.
现代神经科学工具揭露了大脑的构造比格列提奥雷、奥贝坦甚至是温尼克想象的还要复杂。
Today, the hippocampus is associated with two distinct brain functions: creating memories and processing location in space.
现今我们知道，海马体与两个不同区域的大脑功能相关联：创造性记忆和空间关系处理。
We also now measure two kinds of connectivity:
我们也测量到两种连接方式：
anatomical connectivity between two adjoining regions of cortex working together,
中枢邻接区域的解剖性连接会协调运行，
and functional connectivity between separated regions working together to accomplish one process.
而两个分开区域的功能性连接也会协同运作以完成一个功能。
A seemingly basic function like vision is actually composed of many smaller functions,
一个如同视觉这样的基本工作，实际上由很多很小的功能组成，
with different parts of the cortex representing shape, color and location in space.
在神经中枢的各区域表现出不同的形状、颜色和空间位置。
When certain areas stop functioning, we may recognize an object, but not see it, or vice versa.
当某些区域功能缺失，我们也许能认知一个事物，但却看不见它，或者相反。
There are even different kinds of memory for facts and for routines.
中枢甚至对事实和常规也有不同的记忆。
And remembering something like your first bicycle involves a network of different regions
记住一些像你的第一部自行车这样的事，包括了大脑不同区域的联网综合，
each representing the concept of vehicles, the bicycle's shape,
各个区域代表了交通工具的理念，自行车的形状、
the sound of the bell, and the emotions associated with that memory.
铃铛的声音以及对自行车的情感与记忆产生关联。
In the end, both Gratiolet and Aubertin turned out to be right.
最后，格列提奥雷和奥贝坦的说法被证明都是对的。
And we still use both of their models to understand how cognition happens.
我们仍然用他们俩人的模型去理解认知的形成。
For example, we can now measure brain activity on such a fine time scale
比方说，我们现在可以在精细的时间轴上来测量大脑，
that we can see the individual localized processes that comprise a single act of remembering.
我们可以看见各个局部区域的运动，包括记住事情的各个单一行为。
But it is the integration of these different processes and regions that creates the coherent memory we experience.
但的确是那些不同的区域处理的整合，形成了我们对于经验的连贯性记忆。
The supposedly competing theories prove to be two aspects of a more comprehensive model,
所以说两个竞争的理论证明了一个更全面的模型的两个方面，
which will in turn be revised and refined as our scientific techologies and methods for understanding the brain improve.
随着我们科学技术和了解大脑方法的提升，它们会有进一步的修改和完善。