(单词翻译:单击)
You probably know some people who are really full of themselves.
你可能认识一些人,他们真的很自我 。
You know, when they're not just proud of their accomplishments,
他们不仅仅自己为成就感到自豪,
they also need to remind you of them regularly.
还经常提醒你他们取得了多大成就 。
That might indicate a high degree of narcissism:
这可能暗示着一种高度自恋:
grandiose ideas about oneself or an exaggerated sense of self-importance.
夸大自己的想法或夸大自己的重要性 。
But it also could just be a lot of confidence.
但这也可能是信心十足 。
An ego can indicate a healthy level of self-esteem, or it can be part of a diagnosable disorder,
自我意识可以表明一种健康的自尊水平,但也可能是可诊断障碍的一部分,
like Narcissistic Personality Disorder, also called NPD.
比如自恋型人格障碍(NPD) 。
It turns out it's hard to make that judgment, for most of us, and even for psychologists.
事实证明,我们大多数人,甚至是心理学家们也很难判断这种障碍 。
Psychologists define personality traits as characteristic thoughts, emotions,
心理学家将人格特征定义为典型的思想、情感
and behaviors that seem to be stable across time.
和长期稳定的行为 。
Narcissism is one of many that psychologists can test for, and we all fall somewhere on the spectrum.
自恋是心理学家测试的众多问题之一,我们都有不同程度的表现 。
Some people are just a little more vain, and have a little more of an inflated, grand view of themselves than others do.
有些人只是有点儿自负,比其他人更自我膨胀,自视甚高一点儿 。
This makes them less likely to respond well to negative feedback,
这使得他们不太可能对负面反馈做出良好反应,
and more likely to show less empathy and have a harder time maintaining relationships.
更有可能较少得表现出同理心,也更难维持关系 。
But being a bit narcissistic isn't all bad.
但有点儿自恋也不全是坏事 。
Some studies have shown that more narcissism is associated with more happiness and less anxiety, and even more creativity.
一些研究表明,越自恋的人越快乐,越不焦虑,越有创造力 。
And determining if someone scores high on the narcissism spectrum is actually quite easy: just ask them.
判断一个人是否高度自恋其实很容易:问问他们就知道了 。
A 2014 study involving over 2000 people found that
2014年,一项涉及2000多人的研究发现,
a "single item narcissism scale", aka just asking how well the definition applied to them, on a scale of 1 to 11,
“单项自恋”,即人们如何在1~11等级范围内定义自恋的调查结果显示,
turned out to be about as accurate as much longer surveys that tried to, like try to dance around the issue a little more.
调查越长,比如对问题迂回着多问些东西,结果就越准确 。
Surprise! Narcissists aren't really that ashamed.
令人惊奇的是,自恋者并没有那么羞愧 。
After all, they think they're great, why shouldn't they be a little narcissistic about it?
毕竟,他们认为自己很优秀,为什么他们不应该自恋点儿呢?
But scoring high on this trait isn't the same as having a disorder.
但这个特质得分高并不等同于他们有障碍 。
Your personality traits are things that are generally true about you whether you're at home, at school, or at work.
无论你是在家里、学校,还是在工作中,你的性格特点通常都是真实的 。
But they don't determine everything about how you act.
但它们并不能决定你的行为 。
Even the most extroverted people tend to act quiet and somber at a funeral, for example.
例如,最外向的人在葬礼上也往往表现得安静而忧郁 。
It's only when traits get really rigid and people become inflexible in their behaviors
只有当性格变得非常刻板,人们的行为变得不可转变时,
that psychologists start to draw the line between a trait and a disorder.
心理学家才开始在特质和障碍之间划清界限 。
Though how people develop personality disorders is still somewhat of a mystery.
不过人们如何形成人格障碍仍然是一个谜 。
There's some evidence that how narcissistic you are, like other personality traits, comes from your genes.
一些证据表明,你的自恋和其他人格特征一样,都是基因决定的 。
But just like having a familial history of alcoholism doesn't make you an alcoholic,
但正如家族酗酒史不会让你成为酒鬼一样,
not everyone with super narcissistic parents develops NPD.
不是每个有高度自恋父母的人都会形成自恋型人格障碍 。
So psychologists think that environmental factors,
于是心理学家认为环境因素,
particularly during adolescence, influence whether a trait becomes a disorder.
尤其是青春期的环境因素能影响一个特质是否成为一种障碍 。
And still, what pushes people over that line is unclear.
然而,究竟是什么促使人们越过这条界线仍不清楚 。
Like, you might have heard that spoiling kids will turn them into narcissists.
比如,你可能听说过宠溺孩子可能会让他们成为自恋狂 。
And some case studies do suggest that narcissists had overly-indulgent and praising parents, or ones that were too permissive.
而且一些案例研究确实表明,自恋者的父母过分纵容和赞扬他们或者是过于宽容 。
The problem is, some studies show the opposite,
但问题是,有些研究结果恰好相反,
that parents of diagnosed patients were cold, authoritarian, or even lacked empathy.
它们表明确诊患者的父母冷漠、专制,甚至缺乏同情心 。
Trying to look at case studies to find risk factors is also difficult because you can't determine cause and effect.
试图通过案例研究来发现风险因素也很困难,因为你无法确定因果关系 。
Even if most NPD patients were raised the same way,
即使大多数NPD患者被抚养的方式相同,
that wouldn't prove that the way their parents raised them gave them the disorder.
也不能证明这种抚养方式给了他们这种障碍 。
The only thing everyone seems to agree on is that risk factors for NPD need to be studied more.
大家似乎只同意一点,NPD的风险因素需要更多研究 。
But even that's not so straightforward, because NPD is especially tricky to diagnose.
但这也不是那么简单,因为NPD很难确诊 。
That's because psychologists don't diagnose personality disorders based on trait scores.
这是因为心理学家不会根据特征分数来诊断人格障碍 。
Technically, you could score 40 out of 40 on the narcissism scale and still not be diagnosed with NPD
理论上讲,你可能在自恋量表上得到40分满分,但仍不能被确诊为自恋型人格障碍,
because diagnoses for personality disorders hinge on the trait being a problem.
因为人格障碍的诊断取决于这一特征是不是问题 。
You have to be distressed by your behavior, it has to be causing some kind of impairment.
你必须为你的行为感到痛苦,它必须引起某种伤害 。
And that makes diagnosing NPD tougher than other personality disorders
这使得诊断NPD比诊断其他人格障碍更困难,
because it's basically someone who thinks they're too great, which isn't usually a distressing feeling.
因为它基本上是人们觉得自己太过优秀导致的,通常不是痛苦的感觉 。
So when NPD diagnoses do occur, they're usually in conjunction with another issue the person sought help for,
所以当NPD诊断出现时,他们通常与人们求助的另一个问题有关,
like substance use, or bipolar disorder.
比如药物滥用或躁郁症 。
To be diagnosed, you need to show at least 5 of a list of 9 more severe symptoms of narcissism
你要想确诊,除了膨胀的自我重要性之外,需要表现出9个更严重的自恋症状中至少5个症状,
in addition to the inflated self-importance, things like demanding special treatment, manipulativeness,
比如特殊待遇的要求、控制欲、
and the belief that you can only be understood or appreciated by particularly special people.
和你只能被特殊人群理解或欣赏的信念 。
These can take a toll on relationships and otherwise reduce a person's well-being,
这些症状会对人际关系产生负面影响,从而降低一个人的幸福感,
even if they don't realize the disorder is at the root of their troubles.
尽管他们没有意识到障碍是他们麻烦的根源 。
And diagnosis is especially tricky if someone has what psychologists call high functioning narcissism.
如果一个人有心理学家所说的高功能自恋,那么诊断就显得尤为棘手了 。
Say, they're holding down a job and meeting most responsibilities… they're just really, really narcissistic.
比如说,他们有工作,并且承担大部分责任,他们只是非常非常的自恋 。
In one published case, for example, a man housed and supported several mistresses
例如,在一个公开案例中,一名男子养了几名情妇,
while still believing it had no effect on his relationship with his wife.
然而他仍然相信这对他和妻子的关系没有影响 。
He only went to a psychologist because he was wondering whether to stay in his marriage,
他去找心理医生是因为他想知道是否要继续他的婚姻,
but the therapist felt that the effects of his narcissism on his personal life were enough to warrant a diagnosis.
但治疗师认为,他的自恋对其个人生活的影响足以被诊断出来 。
Such patients don't always come to the attention of psychologists,
这样的病人并不总能引起心理学家的注意,
and occasionally, the lack of broad impairment means doctors may disagree that a diagnosis is appropriate.
某些时候,缺乏广泛的损害意味着医生可能不同意这种诊断是适当的 。
But even when clearly diagnosable, NPD is notoriously hard to treat,
即使诊断明确了,NPD也是出了名的难以治疗,
since patients with inflated opinions of themselves are less likely to think they have a problem that needs resolution.
因为那些自我膨胀的患者不太可能认为他们有问题需要解决 。
They're also more likely to drop out of treatment for whatever else they initially came in for.
他们也更有可能放弃治疗,不管他们的初衷是什么 。
And because NPD is so rarely diagnosed alone,
因为NPD很少单独诊断,
almost no studies have tested treatments of patients with just NPD, so it's hard to say what works.
所以几乎没有研究对仅患NPD的病人治疗进行测试,因此很难说什么是有效的 。
But research to date suggests that plain ol' therapy might be the best strategy.
但迄今为止的研究表明,单纯的疗法可能是最好的策略 。
One study that looked at 142 NPD patients getting treatment for depressive disorder
一项研究观察了142个NPD患者治疗抑郁症的方法,
found that they were more likely to respond to a treatment of just talk therapy,
发现他们更有可能响应谈话疗法,
instead of therapy plus meds, perhaps because they felt more autonomy.
而不是治疗加药物的疗法,也许是因为他们觉得这样更有自主性 。
So your friend who always interrupts your story to tell you a better one might be a little narcissistic.
所以一个总是打断你的故事,告诉你另一个更好故事的朋友可能有点儿自恋 。
But that doesn't mean they have NPD.
但这不意味着他们患有自恋型人格障碍 。
If you're genuinely worried about them, you could try to convince them to talk to someone.
如果你真得担心他们,可以试着说服他们和别人交谈 。
But it's best to leave diagnosis to the professionals.
但最好还是把诊断留给专业人士 。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢您收看本期的心理科学秀!
If you want to learn more about the science of psychology
如果你想了解更多心理科学,
or gain a better understanding of how these big narcissists of our work,
或者更好地理解我们这些极度自恋的人是如何工作的,
stick around by clicking that subscribe button.
点击那个订阅按钮就可以了 。
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