I want to introduce you to my badass friends. Meet Thelma and Louise.
我想跟各位介绍我狠角色的朋友。见见塞尔玛跟路易丝。
I'm passionate about cows.
我对奶牛充满热情。
And although they've been getting a lot of crap lately due to methane emissions and climate change,
虽然它们近期遇到许多鸟事，因为甲烷排放以及气候改变，
I hope that I can redeem their reputation in part by showing you
我希望我能挽救它们部分的名声，让各位了解
how incredibly important they are in solving one of the world's biggest problems: food security.
它们在协助解决世界上最大的问题之一食物保障上是多么重要。
But more importantly, for Africa -- it's resultant childhood stunting.
但更重要的，对非洲而言，缺乏食物造成儿时发育迟缓。
Nutritional stunting manifests itself in a reduction of growth rate in human development.
营养造成的发育迟缓呈现的方式是人类发展的成长率下降。
And according to UNICEF, stunting doesn't come easy. It doesn't come quickly.
根据联合国儿童基金会，发育迟缓不容易发生。发育迟缓不会很快发生。
It happens over a long period of time during which a child endures painful and debilitating cycles of illness,
它横跨很长的一段时间，在这期间孩子要忍受痛苦和虚弱的疾病循环、
depressed appetite, insufficient nutrition and inadequate care.
胃口不好、营养不良以及不当的照护。
And most kids simply can't endure such rigors.
大多数的孩子实在无法忍受这样的艰苦。
But those that do survive, they carry forward long-term cognitive problems as well as losses of stature.
但存活下来的孩子，他们会带着长期的认知问题，伴随着身体发育不良。
The numbers of stunted children under the age of five, in most regions of the world, has been declining.
五岁以下发育迟缓的孩子数目，在世界大部分的区域，都在下降中。
And I really hate to say this, but the only place where they haven't been declining is here, in Africa.
我很不想这么说，但唯一人数没有下降的地方，就是这里，非洲。
Here, 59 million children, three in 10 in that age group,
在这里，5900万孩童，在那个年龄层中，十个就有三个，
struggle to meet their genetic potential -- their full genetic potential.
要非常努力才能达到他们基因上的潜能，他们完整的潜能。
Protein is one of our most important dietary requirements, and evidence shows that lack of essential amino acids,
蛋白质是我们最重要的饮食需求之一，有证据显示，如果孩童的饮食缺乏必需的氨基酸，
the building blocks of proteins, in young children's diets, can result in stunting.
即蛋白质的基础成分，就可能造成发育迟缓。
Essential amino acids are called essential because we can't synthesize them in our bodies.
必需的氨基酸之所以必需，是因为我们自体无法合成它们。
We have to get them from our foods and the best sources are animal-derived: milk, meat and eggs.
我们得要从食物中摄取，而最好的来源是动物源食品：牛奶、肉、蛋。
Most protein consumed on the African continent is crop-based.
在非洲大陆，大部分被吃下的蛋白质都是以作物为基础的。
And although we have millions of smallholder farmers rearing animals, livestock production is not as easy as we think.
虽然我们有数百万名小佃农在饲养动物，但家畜生产没有我们想的那么容易。
The big livestock gaps between rich countries and poor countries are due to poor animal health.
富国和穷国之间有很大的家畜落差，原因是动物的健康很差。
Endemic livestock diseases, some of them transmissible to humans,
地方性的家畜疾病，有些可以传染给人类，
threaten not only livestock producers in those poor countries, but all human health across all countries.
这些疾病威胁的不只是穷国的家畜生产者，还包括所有国家所有人类的健康。
This is a global pathogens network.
这是全球的病原体网络。
It shows the pathogens found across the world according to the Enhanced Infectious Diseases database.
它显示在全世界发现的病原体，数据来自强化传染病数据库。
And it shows those pathogens that share hosts.
它能显示出有共同宿主的病原体。
In a nutshell, we share pathogens, and thus diseases, with the species we live closest to: our livestock.
在一个小封闭空间中，我们共享病原体，进而共享疾病的对象，就是和我们居住地相近的物种：我们的家畜。
And we call these zoonotic diseases.
我们称之为人畜共通病。
Recent reports show that the deadly dozen zoonotic diseases kill 2.2 million people and sicken 2.4 billion people annually.
近期的报告指出，十多种致命的人畜共通病，每年会夺走220万条人命，并让24亿人生病。

And Jimmy says, "The greatest burden of zoonoses falls on one billion poor livestock keepers."
吉米说：“人畜共通病最沉重的担子，落在十亿贫穷的家畜饲养者肩上。”
We totally underestimate the importance of our smallholder farmers.
我们完全低估了小佃农的重要性。
We're beginning to recognize how important they are and how they influence our medical health,
我们开始认可他们的重要性，以及他们如何影响我们的医疗健康、
our biosafety and more recently, our cognitive and our physical health.
我们的生物安全性，以及更近期的，我们的认知与身体健康。
They stand at the frontline of zoonotic epidemics. They pretty much underpin our existence.

他们站在人畜共通病流行传播的前线。他们可说是支撑着我们的生存。
And they need to know so much, yet most lack knowledge on livestock disease prevention and treatment.
他们需要知道很多知识，却又最缺乏那些知识，关于家畜疾病预防和治疗的知识。
So how do they learn? Apart from shared experiences, trial and error,
所以，他们要如何学习？除了分享共同的经验和反复试验外，
conventional farming extension services are boots on the ground and radio
传统农业的发展依靠人力和电台，
expensive and hard to scale in the face of population growth.
在人口增长的情况下既昂贵又难以普及。
Sounds pretty gloomy, doesn't it? But we're at an interesting point in Africa.
听起来挺沮丧的，是吗？但现在的非洲有个契机。
We're changing that narrative using innovative solutions, riding across scalable technologies.
我们可以用创新的解决方案来改变现状，横跨可扩充的技术。
Knowledge doesn't have to be expensive.
知识不见得要很昂贵。
My company developed an agricultural platform called iCow.
我的公司创建了一个叫iCow的农业平台。
We teach farmers best livestock practices using SMS over simple, low-end phones.
通过手机短信服务，用简单、易操作的手机教授农民们最好的牲畜养殖方法。
Farmers receive three SMSs a week on best livestock practices,
农场主每周会收到三则短信，内容就是最好的家畜实践方式，
and those that execute the messages go on to see increases in productivity within as short a time as three months.
照着信息去做的人，会在三个月的短时间内看到生产力增加。
The first increases in productivity, of course, are improved animal health.
当然，要增加生产力，第一件事是改善动物健康。
We use SMS because it is retentive. Farmers store their messages, they write them down in books,
我们用短信是因为它可以保存。农场主会把信息存起来，他们会写在笔记上，
and in effect, we're drip-feeding agricultural manuals into the fields.
实际上，我们是把农业手册的内容注入到田间实践中。
We recognize that we are all part of the global food network: producers and consumers, you and me, and every farmer.
我们了解到，我们都是全球食物网络的一部分：生产者与消费者，你、我和每一个农场主。
We're focusing now on trying to bring together producers and consumers
现在，我们的重点在试图将生产者与消费者结合起来，
to take action and take responsibility for not only food security, but for food safety.
以采取行动和负起责任，不单单是为了食物保障，也为了食物安全。
This beautiful animal is an African-Asian Sahiwal crossed with a Dutch Fleckvieh.
这只美丽的动物是非亚的沙希华牛与荷兰西门塔尔牛的混种。
She's milkier than her Sahiwal mom, and she's sturdier and more resistant to disease than her Fleckvieh father.
她比她的沙希华牛母亲更能产乳，比她的西门塔尔牛父亲更强健更能抵抗疾病。
In Ethiopia and Tanzania, the African Dairy Genetic Gains program is using SMS and cutting-edge genomics
在埃塞俄比亚和坦桑尼亚，非洲乳牛遗传增益计划使用短信和最先进的染色体杂交品种，
and pioneering Africa's first tropically adapted dairy breeding centers and dairy performance recording centers.
开拓非洲第一批能适应热带的乳牛繁殖中心以及乳牛表现记录中心。
Farmers contribute their production data
农场主会贡献他们的生产数据：
milking records, breeding records and feeding records -- to the ADGG platform.
挤奶记录、繁殖记录以及喂食记录--提供给ADGG平台。
This stage is synthesized through algorithms from some of the top livestock institutions in the world
在这个阶段，会用世界顶尖家畜机构提供的算法把数据整合，
before it lands back in the farmers' hands in actionable SMSs.
转为可以实行的短信，送回到农场主手上。
Customized data, customized responses all aimed at increasing productivity based on the potential on the ground.
自定义的数据，自定义的响应，目标都是要根据一般潜能来增加生产力。
We're at a very interesting place in agriculture in Africa.
我们正处在非洲农业一个很有意思的地方。
By the end of this year, we'll have almost one billion mobile phone subscriptions.
今年年底，我们将会有接近十亿笔的移动电话订阅。
We have the power in our hands to ensure that livestock production systems are not only healthy, productive and profitable,
我们手中就握有力量，能够确保家畜生产体制不仅健康、有生产力、能获利，
but that farmers are knowledgeable, and more importantly, that our farmers are safe.
而且农场主也有相关知识；更重要的是，我们的农场主是安全的。
Working with smallholder farmers is one of the best ways to guarantee food security.
和小佃农合作，是确保食物安全的最佳方式之一。
Working with smallholder farmers is one of the best ways
和小佃农合作，也是个极佳的方式，
to guarantee each and every child their full opportunity and ability to reach their full genetic potential.
能保障每一个孩童都有完整的机会与能力，来发挥他们的遗传的潜力。
And harnessing the power of millions of smallholder farmers and their badass cows like mine,
利用数百万名小佃农的力量以及他们那些狠角色的奶牛，就像我的一样，
we should be able to bring a halt to stunting in Africa. Thank you. Thank you.
我们应该能够终止非洲的发育迟缓。谢谢。谢谢。