(单词翻译:单击)
Welcome to Crash Course Economics, I'm Jacob Clifford.
欢迎收看经济速成班，我是雅各布·克利福德。
And I'm Adriene Hill. We've been talking a lot about macroeconomics:
我是埃德因·希尔。我们讲了很多宏观经济学的内容：
GDP, unemployment, fiscal and monetary policy. That kind of thing.
GDP、失业率、财政和货币政策等这一类的知识。
Now we're going to start talking about microeconomics.
接下来，我们将开始讲微观经济学。
Microeconomics looks at individual markets
微观经济学着眼于个人市场、
and the decision-making of consumers, business owners, and governments.
消费者、企业主和政府的决策。
They answer questions like, "How many workers should we hire?"
它们会回答这类问题，比如“我们应该雇用多少工人？”
or "Increasing minimum wage is a good idea?" and "Why is health care so expensive?"
或者“提高最低工资是个好主意吗？”或者“为什么卫生保健如此昂贵？”
Now you might be thinking, which is more important: micro or macro?
现在你可能会想，宏观经济学与微观经济学哪个更重要呢？
The answer is micro/macro. Actually macro/micro. They're both important.
答案是宏观经济学/微观经济学，实际是宏观经济学/微观经济学。它们都很重要。
Let's start with one of the most important concepts in microeconomics: marginal analysis.
我们从微观经济学的一个最重要概念讲起：边际分析。
For economists, the word "marginal" is pretty much the same as "additional".
对于经济学家来说，“marginal”一词与“"additional”差不多。
Marginal analysis looks at how individuals, businesses and governments make decisions.
边际分析着眼于个人、企业和政府如何做出决策。
Basically, they're interested in additional benefits and additional costs.
它们基本上对额外收益和额外成本感兴趣。
Businesses do the same thing when they decide how many workers to hire.
企业在决定雇佣多少员工时也会做同样的事情。
They compare the additional revenue that an additional worker will likely generate for their company.
他们会把额外员工可能为公司带来的额外收益
And to the additional cost of hiring that worker: wages and benefits.
与雇佣工人产生的额外成本——工资和福利作比较。
If hiring that worker brings in more marginal revenue than marginal cost, then, congratulations!
如果雇佣工人带来的边际收益大于边际成本，那么恭喜！
Someone's got a job!
有人有工作了！
This also applies in the realm of how people feel about things.
这也适用于人们对事物的感受。
Take the development of city parks:
以城市公园发展为例：
citizens obviously get more total satisfaction from, like, four city parks than from only three.
很明显，市民对四座城市公园的满意度比只有三座得高。
But that doesn't necessarily mean that the government should build four parks.
但这并不意味着政府应该修建四座公园。
Instead, the government looks at the additional benefit or satisfaction generated by the fourth city park
相反，政府关注的是第四座城市公园带来的额外效益或满足感，
and compares that to the additional cost and here,
并将其与边际成本相比较，
when we're talking about cost we're talking about the use of city land,
这里的边际成本是指城市用地
and the tax money spent on building the park.
以及用于建造公园的税收。
If the additional benefit is higher, then they build the park.
如果额外收益更高，他们就建公园。
The government keeps doing this for each additional park.
政府每多建一座公园都会这样比较。
The benefit of the first park is higher than the additional benefit of the second park, and on and on.
第一座公园的收益比第二座公园的额外收益要高，并以此类推。
Eventually, the marginal benefit of another park will be less than the marginal cost, so they stop building parks.
最终，总有一座公园的边际效益会小于边际成本，于是他们停止建造公园。
Sure it's nice to have lots of parks, but the difference between having 200 parks and 201 parks is pretty small.
当然，有很多公园固然不错，但200座公园和201座公园的区别很小。
This is the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.
这就是边际效用递减规律。
By the way, when economists talk about consumers,
顺便说一下，经济学家在谈论消费者时，
the word 'utility' means 'satisfaction' or happiness people get from consuming a good, or service, or 201 parks.
效用（utility）这个词意味着人们从消费一种商品或服务或201座公园中获得的“满足感”或“幸福感”。
So you could reword this as the Law of Decreasing Additional Satisfaction,
所以你可以把它改写为降低额外满意度的法则（Law of Decreasing Additional Satisfaction），
as you consume additional amounts of anything, you'll eventually get less and less additional satisfaction.
你在消耗额外的量时，得到的满足感最终会越来越少。
It's like how the first slice of pizza or cookie that you eat, is awesome,
这就像你吃披萨或饼干，吃第一片时感觉非常棒，
and the second one might be even better,
第二片可能更好，
but eventually, each additional one gives you less additional enjoyment.
但最终，每多吃一片，得到的额外享受就会减少。
Economists have even made up a new word to help quantify satisfaction called 'utils'.
经济学家甚至提出了一个新词来帮助量化人们的满足感，叫做“幸福效用”。
Utils are like happiness points and they are completely subjective.
幸福效用就像幸福点，它们完全是主观的。
So one person might get 100 utils of satisfaction from the first slice of pizza and another person might only get 10 utils.
所以一个人可能从第一片披萨中得到100个幸福效用，而另一个人可能只得到10个。
So the ideas here make sense, right?
所以这些想法是有道理的，对吧？
But the whole numbers thing, this 'utils' idea it does seem a little contrived.
但就整体而言，这个“幸福效用”的想法似乎有点儿做作。
People don't actually make these calculations, do they?
人们实际不会做这些计算，对吧？
Yeah, they do. You don't write them down or think about your happiness in terms of utils,
是的，他们不会。你不会把它们写下来或者用幸福效用来思考你的幸福，
but you do likely unconsciously use marginal analysis every day.
但你可能每天都在无意识地使用边际分析。
Let's go to the the thought bubble.
我们去“thought bubble”。
Marginal analysis can explain all sorts of human behavior.
边际分析可以解释各种各样的人类行为。
Let's say that Stan goes to an amusement park.
假设斯坦去一个游乐园。
He's unlikely to ride the best ride in the park, the tallest rollercoaster, over and over and over, the entire day.
他不太可能一整天在游乐园里一遍一遍得玩最好的过山车。
Why? Well even if there's a one-time park admission fee and the rollercoaster is free,
为什么呢？即使有一次性公园入场费，并且过山车免费，
there's still a cost, that's how long he has to wait in line.
但它仍有成本，即排队等待的时间。
So Stan estimates his marginal utility of riding the ride and compares that to the wait.
所以斯坦会估测他玩过山车的边际效用，并与等待时长作比较。
Riding the best rollercoaster might give him the highest utility of all the rides in the park
在公园的所有过山车中，乘坐最好的过山车可能会给他带来最高效用，
but it might not be worth waiting in a four-hour line.
但不值得排队等四个小时。
A smaller ride gives him less utility but if the line is super short, he'll choose that one instead.
小型过山车带来的效用少，但如果排队的人非常少，他会选择那个。
Even if there's no line for the large super-awesome rollercoaster,
即使超级棒的大型过山车没有人排队，
he probably won't ride it all day because eventually it gets old.
他可能也不会整天玩，因为它最终会过时。
Marginal analysis explains the behavior of consumers like Stan,
边际分析解释了斯坦这样的消费者的行为，
but it also explains the pricing strategies of businesses.
也解释了企业的定价策略。
Assume instead that the rollercoaster charges 5 dollars for each ride.
假设过山车每次收费5美元，
Because Stan gets less and less utility each time, he might not be willing to pay full price for the third ride
因为斯坦每次得到的效用越来越少，他可能不愿意为第三次玩耍付全价。
The seller gets this, and figures it might be better to charge Stan less for the third ride.
卖家得到了这个讯息，认为在第三次玩过山车时对斯坦减少收费可能会更好。
That's why we have deals like 'Buy two and get the third half off'.
这就是我们有“买两件，第三件半价”这样交易的原因。
The point is we all use marginal analysis when we make decisions.
问题在于，我们在做决定时都在使用边际分析。
Thanks, thought bubble. So that's marginal analysis.
感谢“thought bubble”。这就是边际分析。
Armed with our new knowledge, let's go back and look at the most important model in microeconomics:
带着新知识，让我们回过头来看看微观经济学中的最重要模型：
supply and demand, on the runway. Let's use the market for strawberries.
供应和需求。我们以草莓市场为例。
Remember, the price of strawberries is on the vertical axis, and quantity is on the horizontal axis.
记住，草莓价格在纵轴上，数量在横轴。
The demand curve for strawberries is downward sloping, showing the Law of Demand.
草莓的需求曲线是向下倾斜的，显示出需求规律。
When prices are high, people don't wanna buy very many,
当草莓价格高时，人们不想买太多，
and when prices are low, people want to buy a lot.
当它的价格低时，人们想买很多。
The shape of the demand curve reflects the idea of the law of diminishing marginal utility.
需求曲线的形状反映了边际效用递减规律的概念。
The first pint of strawberries you buy give you a lot of additional utility.
你买的第一品脱草莓为你带来很多额外效用。
The second one, maybe not as much. And the third pint, even less.
第二品脱可能就没那么多了。第三品脱甚至更少。
If you eat ten pints, you're gonna get sick.
如果你吃了10品脱，就会感到厌烦。
So, as you consume more, you're willing to pay less and less.
所以你消费的越多，就越来越不愿意买了。
This explains why the demand curve is downward sloping and why it's really just a marginal benefit curve.
这解释了需求曲线为什么是向下倾斜的，以及它为什么只是一条边际效益曲线。
The supply curve is upward sloping representing the Law of supply an increase in price
供给曲线向上倾斜代表着供给价格上涨定律，
gives producers an incentive to produce more.
它给予生产者更多生产的动力。
It turns out that supply curves are really just marginal cost curves.
事实证明，供给曲线实际上就是边际成本曲线。
It represents the additional amount of resources and energy that each additional pint of strawberries costs.
它代表着每增加一品脱草莓花费的额外资源和能源。
This graph explains why markets tend to be so efficient with ours scarce resources.
这张图表解释了稀缺资源市场为什么如此高效。
If strawberry producers produced too few strawberries,
如果草莓生产商生产的草莓太少，
the marginal benefit of the last unit will be greater than the marginal cost.
那么最后一个单位的边际效益就会大于边际成本。
That's the market calling out for more strawberries: 'Give us strawberries, please!'.
市场呼唤更多的草莓：“请给我更多的草莓！”
If they produce too much, out here, then the marginal cost would be greater than the marginal benefit,
如果他们产出太多，那么边际成本将大于边际效益，
they'd be wasting resources on things that consumers don't value.
他们会把资源浪费在消费者不重视的东西上。
Equilibrium is efficient because the marginal benefit of the last unit consumed equals the marginal cost of that unit.
均衡点最有效率，因为最后一个单位的边际效益等于这个单位的边际成本。
The market is making the exact amount that consumers want.
市场的产出量恰好等于消费者的需求量。
This is reminiscent of an example Adam Smith used.
这让人想起了亚当·斯密曾经用过的例子。
Why are diamond more expensive than water?
为什么钻石比水贵？
Water is absolutely crucial for keeping us alive, while diamonds do nothing except sparkle.
水对于维持我们的生命至关重要，而钻石除了闪闪发光外什么作用都没有。
But the price of a bottle of life-giving water is around a buck twenty and that's when you're overpaying for water.
但是一瓶生命水的价格大约是20美元，这还是水价过高的时候。
The average one-carat diamond is well over 3,000 dollars.
而一克拉钻石的平均价值超过3000美元。
This is called the Diamond Water Paradox,
这就是所谓的钻石与水悖论，
and it can be explained with marginal analysis and the law of diminishing utility.
它可以用边际分析和效用递减规律来解释。
The total utility we get from water is VERY high,
我们从水中得到的总效用非常高，
but since it's so plentiful for most people, the marginal utility is really low.
但由于它对大多数人来说都很充足，所以边际效用很低。
If you can stay hydrated, cook, take showers, wash your clothes and occasionally use your slip 'n' slide,
如果你能用水补水、做饭、洗澡、洗衣服，偶尔还会打滑，
then the additional satisfaction of yet another gallon of water is small. The result is a lower price.
那么额外一加仑水带来的额外满足会很小，结果导致价格更低。
On the other hand, diamonds are extremely scarce
另一方面，钻石非常稀缺，
because they have to be extracted from expensive, dangerous mines.
因为它们必须从昂贵危险的矿井中提取出来。
Since there are relatively few diamonds, the additional satisfaction of another one is relatively high,
由于钻石相对较少，那么它带来的额外满足感会相对较高，
so people are willing to pay a higher price.
所以人们愿意付出更高的代价。
If diamonds fell out of the sky like water,
如果钻石像水一样从天上掉下来，
we wouldn't get that much additional satisfaction from them, and the price would be low.
我们将不会从它那里得到那么多的满足感，因此它的价格也会很低。
It might seem irrational that society values diamonds more than water,
社会重视钻石甚于水，这似乎是不合理的，
but using marginal analysis, it sort of makes sense.
但是使用边际分析一分析，就有点儿道理了。
Relative scarcity does contribute to a product's value, that's partially why Action Comics number one,
相对稀缺性确实有助于提升产品价值，这就是动作漫画位列第一的部分原因，
the first comic book with Superman recently sold for over for over 3m euros on eBay,
第一本超人漫画书最近在易趣（eBay）上以300多万欧元的价格售出，
but just because something is limited doesn't automatically make it valuable.
但仅仅因为某物有限并不会自动提升它的价值。
There are plenty of other things that are scarce that we don't value as much as diamonds.
其他很多东西稀缺，但没有钻石那么值钱。
For example, panda boogers.
以熊猫鼻屎为例。
They're super-rare, but we don't put them on engagement rings
它们非常稀有，但我们不会把它放在订婚戒指上，
or pay an outrageous price for one in mint condition.
或者花天价买一坨新鼻屎。
The point is, utility is subjective, and demand depends on the tastes and preferences of consumers
问题在于，效用是主观的，需求取决于消费者的口味和偏好。
That's why there's no market for panda boogers.
这就是为什么熊猫鼻屎没有市场。
Hold on, Stan tells me that, because the internet, there does seem to be a market for panda boogers.
等等，斯坦告诉我，因为互联网，似乎有一个熊猫鼻屎市场。
But it's gotta be a small one. I think the example still holds up.
但它一定规模很小。我认为这个例子仍然成立。
Anyway, the demand also depends on the number of substitutes.
不管怎样，需求也取决于替代品的数量。
For example, strawberries have plenty of substitute goods, cherries, raspberries, blueberries.
例如，草莓有很多替代品：樱桃、覆盆子、蓝莓。
When the price goes up for strawberries, consumers buy less because they'll go buy something else instead.
当草莓价格上涨时，购买草莓的消费者减少，因为他们会去买别的东西。
This is a substitution effect and along with the law of diminishing marginal utility,
这是一种替代效应，它与边际效用递减规律一起
it helped shape the demand curve.
帮助形成需求曲线。
Let's see what this looks like in the real world.
让我们看看它在现实世界中是什么样子。
Have you ever wondered why gas stations don't have sales?
你有没有想过加油站为什么没有廉价销售？
It has to do with substitutes and what economists call elasticity of demand.
这与替代品和经济学家所谓的需求弹性有关。
Elasticity shows how sensitive quantity is to a change in price,
弹性显示出数量对价格变化的敏感程度，
when the price of gas goes up people don't buy that much less gas
当汽油价格上涨时，人们购买的汽油不会减少太多，
because they need it and there are few close substitutes.
因为他们需要它，而且它几乎没有相似替代品。
Now you can walk, or ride your bike, or get an electric car
现在，你可以走路、骑自行车或买电动汽车了，
but there is nothing else you can put in your current gas guzzler, this goes the other direction too,
但现在的油老虎不能放别的东西，否则它将拐向另一个方向。
if gas stations had sales, consumers wouldn't buy that much more gas.
如果加油站有销售，消费者不会购买更多汽油。
Economists would say that the demand for gasoline is relatively inelastic:
经济学家会说，汽油需求缺乏相对弹性：
a large percent change in price leads to a small percent change in the quantity demanded.
即价格大幅变化，需求量变化很小。
This is shown on the graph by making the demand curve steeper,
这在图上的显示是需求曲线更陡，
other products that have that have relatively inelastic demand include electricity, healthcare and coffee,
其他需求缺乏相对弹性的产品包括电力、医疗保健和咖啡，
there's no substitute for my five cups of coffee in the morning.
我早上喝五杯的咖啡是无可替代的。
And there are few products that have perfectly inelastic demand,
完全无弹性需求的产品几乎没有，
if the price goes up people who can afford it will always buy the same amount,
如果价格上涨，买得起的人总是买相同的量，
an example is insulin for diabetics because in that case they need it to live.
一个例子是糖尿病患者的胰岛素，因为在这种情况下，他们需要胰岛素来存活。
What about the demand for pizza?
那么披萨的需求如何呢？
Well there are many close substitutes, I could eat a burrito or a burger, I don't really need pizza.
披萨有很多相似替代品，我可以吃墨西哥卷饼或汉堡，不需要披萨。
So a small increase in the price could cause the demand to decrease a lot,
所以披萨价格的小幅上涨可能会导致需求大幅下降，
for pizza the demand curve would be more flat, showing the demand for pizza is relatively elastic.
披萨的需求曲线会更平，显示出披萨的需求相对有弹性。
If a pizza place has a sale, a lot of customers would buy pizza instead of other substitutes like burgers and burritos.
如果一家披萨店廉价销售，很多顾客会买披萨，而不是其他替代品。
Now there's also elasticity of supply.
还有供给弹性。
A steep curve shows the supply is relatively inelastic,
陡峭的曲线表明供给缺乏相对弹性，
so a large change in price, leads to a small change in quantity.
所以价格的大幅变动，需求量变化很小。
Like an airplane is difficult and time consuming to build,
比如制造飞机很困难而且耗时，
so even if a buyers willing to pay more for one, they're still going to have to wait.
所以即使买家愿意花更多的钱买一架，他们还是要等。
Relatively elastic supply is when quantity is sensitive to a change in price
相对弹性供给是指数量对价格变化敏感，
because producers can respond quickly, stuff like t-shirts and strawberries.
因为生产商可以对商品迅速做出反应，比如T恤和草莓。
Something like the supply of Vincent Van Gogh paintings, well that's perfectly inelastic
梵高画作这样的供应完全无弹性，
because when the price goes up, the quantity doesn't change.
因为价格上升时，它的数量不变。
It doesn't matter if people want more, Van Gogh is not going to be doing anymore paintings.
如果人们想要更多也没关系，梵高不会再画了。
So that's microeconomics in a nutshell, it doesn't focus on GDP or on unemployment, it analyses the details.
简而言之，这就是微观经济学，它不关注GDP或失业，而是分析细节。
It's helpful to understand concepts like marginal analysis and elasticity.
理解边际分析和弹性这样的概念很有帮助。
You're going to be using them to make decisions anyways so you might as well understand what's going on.
你将用它们来做决定，那样你就可以理解发生了什么。
Ideally that'll help you make better decisions.
理想情况下，这会帮助你做出更好的决定。
We hope the additional benefits of watching this video was greater than the additional cost.
我们希望你观看这段视频的额外效益大于额外费用。
I'd say it was at least 50 utils for me.
我觉得它至少有50个幸福效用。
And not that it's a util contest but I'd say 55 utils. See you next week。
我说到55个幸福效用时，争论才结束。我们下周见。
Crash Course Economics made by the help of all these nice people.
经济速成班是由这群好心人制作的。
If you're still watching the credits, your demand for this video is just about to outstrip the supply,
如果你还在关注学分，那么你对这个视频的需求会超过供给。
but you can create more supply when you support Crash Course at Patreon,
但是当你支持Patreon的速成课程时，你可以创造更多供给，
you'll help keep crash course free for everyone, forever and get great rewards.
你可以让它们向所有人永远免费开放，并获得奖励。
Thanks for watching and I hope you got some utils out of this.
感谢您的收看，我希望您能从中获得一些幸福效用。
