(单词翻译:单击)
SciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. It took nearly a decade of work and billions dollars for Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to walk on the surface of the Moon.
《太空科学秀》由Brilliant.org赞助播出，为了让尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和巴兹·奥尔德林登上月球，我们耗时10年，投入了大量资金。
But you know what happened after those first historic steps? They went back inside the lander.
但是大家知道这第一个历史性的一步迈出后发生了什么吗？ 这两名宇航员又回到了着陆器里。
Only two and a half hours later. And in that time, neither of them even walked more than 100 meters from the lunar lander.
这是仅在登月2.5个小时后的事，而且，那时候，两人只在离登月飞行器100多米的范围内活动过。
To do more science, future astronauts would need to travel faster, go farther, and carry more.
要做更多的科学研究，未来的宇航员就需要走得更快、更远，负载更多的东西。
And to do that, they needed to stop being moonwalkers and become moondrivers.
要做到这些，宇航员就需要从在月球行走转变为在月球使用交通工具。
Fortunately, NASA had just the tool for them: the Moon buggy! Okay, technically it was called the Lunar Roving Vehicle, but c'mon.
好在美国宇航局还真有合适的工具给他们：月球车！技术上将这种工具成为月面考察车。
The Moon buggy helped astronauts on Apollos 15, 16, and 17 do more science and bring back more samples than earlier missions.
月面考察车帮助阿波罗15、16、17号的宇航员做了更多的科学研究，带回的标本比之前的任务都多。
And along the way, we built a really cool car.
在这期间，我们建造了一种超酷的车。
Engineers had actually been thinking about how to build a lunar rover since the early 1960s, but those first concepts were totally different.
自上世纪60年代以来，工程师一直都在思考如何建造月球车，但那时候是开始阶段，想法与现在完全不同。
Some engineers imagined heavy duty, fully-enclosed vehicles that also gave astronauts a place to sleep and work.
一些工程师设想过设计重型的全封闭月球车，让宇航员可以在里面睡觉以及工作。
Which was nothing like the final design.
这与最终版的设计大相径庭。
By the time the Saturn V rocket was actually flying, it became clear that there would be almost no weight to spare, so the plans had to be scaled down a bit.
土星五号运载火箭飞向天空之时，已经没有富余的负载了，所以必须要稍微削减一部分计划负载。
In 1969, the final contract was approved by NASA. Then, the rover was put together by Boeing and General Motors.
1969年，美国宇航局通过了最终版本的合同，随后，探测车在波音公司和通用汽车的合力下组装了起来。
It was built of aluminum alloy, weighed just 210 kilograms, about a sixth of a modern-day compact car, and had to fold in half to fit beneath the lunar module.
探测车的材料是铝合金，重量只有210公斤，是现代小型汽车重量的1/6，而且必须对半儿折叠才能进入登月舱下部。
But it was also sturdy, and could carry 490 kilograms, more than twice its weight and enough for two astronauts, their tools, and a bunch of moon rocks.
但由于探测车材料坚固，负载量高达490公斤，是自己重量的两倍多，所以足以承载两名宇航员、宇航员所需的工具以及一些月球上的石头回来了。
It even had space for some nice amenities, like seat belts, an armrest, and fenders.
甚至还有空间能放下一些精良的设备，比如安全带、扶手、防撞垫等。
So it was no Rolls-Royce. But considering that it was a car on the Moon, it was pretty impressive.
所以，这不是劳斯莱斯哦，但把它想象成月球上的一辆车，还真的很让人惊艳。
The first Apollo missions had shown that the Moon's soft, powdery surface could make for uneven footing.
最开始的一些阿波罗号的任务表明，月球的表面太过柔软，粉尘较多，所以行走起来会不太平稳。
So the Moon buggy had not only four-wheel drive, but four engines, one for each wheel.
而月球车不仅是四轮驱动的，而且有四个发动机，每个轮子都有一个发动机。
Each produced only about 190 Watts of power, or about a quarter horsepower,
虽然每个发动机只能产生大约190瓦（相当于1/4马力）的动力，
but the Moon's low gravity meant that that was good enough for a top speed of about 13 kilometers per hour.
但由于月球的地心引力较小，所以这个马力足以实现最高约13km/h的速度了。
The lunar roving vehicle also carried what might have be the world's first dashcam, a TV camera controllable from Earth.
这辆月球车上还载有可能是世界上第一个的电视录像机，是可以从地球端远程操控的。
That not only enhanced the PR value of later missions,
这不仅增大了日后任务的PR值，
but allowed scientists at mission control to look for interesting features as the astronauts drove around.
而且也让太空航行地面指挥中心的科学家可以在宇航员到处转悠的时候寻找有趣的东西。
Still, even that wasn't the most impressive piece of equipment on board: The Moon buggy also carried a revolutionary navigation computer.
不过，这也还不是最让人经验的设备：月球车上还配备了颠覆性的导航电脑。
Since the Moon doesn't have a magnetic field to move a compass needle, and since surface maps didn't have much detail,
由于月球上没有磁场，不能让指南针转动，而且月球地面图上的信息也不够详细，
the astronauts were in real danger of getting lost. And, let's be real: Everything on the Moon just kind of looks the same.
所以宇航员切实面临着走失的风险，其实，现实情况是：月球上的环境没有区分度。
To overcome that, a first-of-its-kind computer combined data about the rover's orientation,
为了克服这个困难，这台史无前例的电脑里包含探测车定位的数据，
taken from an onboard gyroscope, with odometer readings from each wheel.
这些数据是从回转仪上获得的，还带有每个轮子的里程计读数。
That let it track the vehicle's exact meter-by-meter progress across the surface and plot a direct course back to home base.
这样就可以记录月球车在月球表面的具体前进里数，从而规划出回到基地的最快路线。
And just in case that failed, each astronaut also had to learn to read a special lunar sundial to determine their direction.
为了避免出现问题，每个宇航员都要学会使用一种特殊的月晷来判定方向。
Single-use batteries powered everything, but power was never actually a problem.
虽然一次性电池是唯一的电源，但用电从来不是问题。
Instead, the limiting factor was the rule that barred astronauts from driving farther away from the lander than they had air left to walk back,
所以氧气才是影响宇航员只能在几千米范围内活动的关键因素。
a few kilometers or so. That way, if the buggy broke down, they still had a way home!
这样的话，即便月球车抛锚了，他们依然办法回去！
All-told, the lunar roving vehicle seemed like a miracle machine, and all that wizardry doesn't come cheap.
说了这么多，月球车就像是一个奇迹之车，而且创造奇迹的成本太过高昂了。
On average, each rover would cost about $60 million today. Fortunately, we put them to good use.
平均来算，每个探测车每天大概消耗6000万美元，好在我们物尽其用了。
Apollos 15, 16, and 17 each brought a rover, and all were driven more than 25 kilometers over at least three hours.
阿波罗15、16、17号都自带探测车，而这些探测车都能在至少3小时的时间里支持25多公司的距离。
With them, astronauts were able to bring back individual rocks with masses as much as 11.7 kilograms, more than half the total picked up on Apollo 11.
有了探测车,宇航员就能带回重达11.7公斤的石头，其中有一半以上都是在阿波罗11号上取回的。
Also, since the lunar landers had to touch down a safe distance from things like big craters,
此外，月球着陆器必须要距离大陨石坑等物体安全距离的地方着陆，
the Moon buggy opened up those areas for closer study on all three missions.
而月球车又能从三个维度为进一步研究打开这些区域。
On Apollo 16, it enabled John Young and Charlie Duke to drive more than 150 meters
在阿波罗16号执行任务的过程中，月球车帮助约翰·杨和查理·杜克可以在比着陆点
higher than their landing site in search of samples of the area's unique geology.
高150多米的地方寻找该地区独特地质的样本。
And the crew of Apollo 17 used their rover to deploy literal bombs on the surface.
阿波罗17号的宇航员也通过探测车在月球表面部署了炸弹。
Just in case you needed another reason to think Apollo astronauts were cool.
说这个只是补充一下阿波罗宇航员很酷的一个原因。
When exploded, these bombs created tremors picked up by seismic sensors and used those to understand the physics of the Moon's crust.
炸弹爆炸的时候，会产生震动，为地震传感器接收到，从而研究月球地壳中存在的原理。
The experiment revealed that the top layer of the Moon's crust is about 1.4 kilometers thick.
此次试验表明，月球地壳的最外层大概有1.4千米宽。
It's also a lot more broken up than similar areas on Earth, probably because of the constant impacts from space.
这里也比地球类似地方更支离破碎，这或许是因为太空中一直都在对月球的地壳产生影响。
All together, the Moon buggies were quintessential Apollo.
总体来说，月球车就是阿波罗系列的标配。
They were ultimately designed in only months and did so much with so little, relying on clever engineering and state-of-the-art computers to enable exploration.
这些月球车的设计只在几个月内就完成了，在所用资源如此少的情况下做了这么多的成绩，其探索月球都要靠巧妙的工程设计和前沿的计算机。
Without them, we'd probably know a lot less about the Moon than we do today.
没有月球车，我们对月球的了解可能就不会有今天这么多。
Which might make them a little cooler than, say, a Tesla. And, hey, what's more American than a car on the Moon?
这一点就使月球车比特斯拉还要酷一些，毕竟有什么比月球车更代表美国呢？
So, NASA scientists had to do A LOT of creative thinking and problem solving to figure out how best to design and use the Moon buggies.
于是，美国宇航局的科学家们必须要有很多有创意的想法和解决问题的手段才能知道怎样才能最好地设计并使用月球车。
And that made me want to work out my own spatial problem solving skills.
我曾经也想用自己解决空间问题的技巧来解决这个问题。
That's one small step for man, and now I'm really tired. Anybody got a moon buggy anywhere?
虽然这对整个人类来说只是一小步，但我真的黔驴技穷了，大家有什么关于设计月球车的好点子吗？
Brilliant.org has a ton of great spatial reasoning quizzes, and today I'll be taking the 3D Geometry Puzzles Shortest Distance quiz.
Brilliant.org上有很多很棒的空间推理测验，今天我要做一做3D几何图形最短距离的测验。
It starts out a little like the story of the tortoise and the hare, but it's an ant and a fly trying to make their way through a 3D cube.
测验一开始问的问题有点像龟兔赛跑的故事，但其实是蚂蚁和苍蝇试图爬过3D立方体的问题。
They even put them there so you can visualize it, and I think they're pretty stinkin' cute!
测验里还放上了涉及对象的图片，这样就可视化了，我们的他们非常可爱！
In this case, the ant definitely has the longer distance to travel, because it can't fly through the cube and has to walk along its edges.
就蚂蚁和苍蝇的比拼而言，蚂蚁要走更长的距离，因为蚂蚁无法在立方体里飞行，只能沿着边走。
As you get deeper into the quiz, it gets more complicated and I almost wanted to make a 3D model to help me think through the distance.
随着测验的进行，问题也越来越复杂，我几乎都想要做个3D模型来帮我走一下要求的距离了。
What's cool, is that I'm not alone in this.
好在我不是一个人在战斗。
When you view the solutions, Brilliant has created 3D to 2D models to illustrate how to think through these problems. So give them a try.
在解决方案里，Brilliant.org上创设了3D和2D的模型，来阐释如何想通这些问题，所以大家不妨一试。
And right now, Brilliant.org is offering the first 77 SciShow Space viewers that sign up at brilliant.org/scishowspace 20% off their annual premium subscription, and you'll support SciShow Space, so thanks!
现在，Brilliant.org对前77名在brilliant.org/scishowspace注册的用户20%的年费订阅减免，这也是对我们节目的支持，所以谢谢大家啦！
