(单词翻译:单击)
If you know anything about William Henry Harrison, it’s probably that he was the shortest-serving U.S. President of all time.
如果你知道威廉·亨利·哈里森，那么你应该知道他可能是美国历史上任期最短的总统。
He lasted just 32 days before getting sick and dying in April of 1841.
他在任职仅32天就病倒并于1841年4月逝世。
The story goes that Harrison gave an extremely long inaugural address -- something like two hours long -- outside, in the cold and wet, without a coat or gloves.
据说哈里森的就职演讲非常长—耗时2小时—在寒冷又潮湿的室外，没有穿外套、戴手套。
That gave him a nasty bout of pneumonia, which he didn't survive.
这使他患上了肺炎，最终还是没有熬过来。
But a modern look at the case suggests that Harrison wasn't killed by a foolish mix of verbosity and a failure to bundle up,
但现在再来看这个事情，或许哈里森并非死于冗长的演讲稿和没穿暖和，
but by contaminated water in the White House. And it probably took down a second president, too.
而是死于白宫中的污水。而且污水似乎也夺走了第二名总统的生命。
This new interpretation of Harrison's death comes from a paper published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases in 2014.
对于哈里森死亡的新解释源于2014年发表于《临床传染病期刊》的一篇论文。
The authors re-examined the case summary left behind by the ninth President's doctor, Thomas Miller.
论文作者重新检查了第九位总统的医生托马斯·米勒留下的案例总结。
The first clue that pneumonia might not have been the right cause of death, especially if it resulted from Harrison's lengthy speech, is the timing.
第一个线索是肺炎或许不是死亡的真正诱因，尤其是如果肺炎是由于哈里森的冗长的演讲，那么真正的诱因应该是时机。
Harrison fell ill some three weeks after the address -- which is way longer than you would think if the two were related.
哈里森在演讲结束的几周后病倒—如果时机和肺炎相联系，那么时间会比你想的更久。
Other reports at the time also suggest that the weather wasn't even all that cold.
那时的其他报道也暗示当时的天气并没有那么冷。
The second red flag is that Dr. Miller was called to the White House not because Harrison was having difficulty breathing,
第二个危险信号是米勒医生被召进白宫，并不是因为哈里森呼吸困难，
but because he was feeling anxious and tired, symptoms the President thought were from the stress of his campaign and the first few weeks in office.
而是他感觉焦虑和劳累，总统认为这些症状源于竞选压力和工作压力。
He also explained that he had a history of dyspepsia, or indigestion, that had recently flared up.
他还解释自己有消化不良、积食病史，且最近又突然复发了。
Over the next few days, the President's primary complaints were a chill and constipation -- which, again, doesn't really sound like pneumonia.
接下来的几天，总统主要抱怨感觉寒冷和便秘—这些都不像是肺炎的症状。
In fact, the constipation got so bad it's what doctors today would call obstipation, or really, really severe constipation.
事实上，如此严重的便秘被现在的医生称为顽强便秘，或者是重度便秘。
Harrison's side hurt, probably from his very full bowel, and he was also nauseated.
哈里森的侧边疼痛可能由于肠道胀气，并且他还感觉恶心。
Miller did what he could, at least for a 19th century physician, which was to prescribe laxatives, perform enemas, and give laudanum, a form of opium, for the pain.
米勒做了他能做的，至少是19世纪医师能做的，那就是开泻药、灌肠以及开鸦片酊—鸦片的一种，用于缓解疼痛。
He also gave quite a bit of quicksilver, or mercury, which of course is toxic, so that wasn't exactly helping.
他还给总统开了大量水银即汞，当然这是有毒的，所以并没有什么帮助。
It was only on day five that Harrison started having trouble breathing and coughing up blood.
直到第五天，哈里森才开始呼吸困难且咯血。
On day six, Harrison finally pooped, in the form of smelly, watery diarrhea.
第六天，哈里森终于便便了，臭臭的腹泻。
And eventually, after a few more days, his pulse slowed, his fingertips were blue, and he died, early in the morning on April 4th.
终于几天之后他的脉搏微弱，指尖发蓝并死去，在4月4日的清晨。
The most interesting thing about Miller's diagnosis of pneumonia is that he didn't actually seem super sure of it himself.
关于米勒肺炎的诊断最有趣的一点是他自己似乎也不那么确定。
He wrote that the disease wasn't considered a case of pure pneumonia,
他写道，总统的疾病并不像是纯粹的肺炎，
instead the diagnosis “afforded a succinct and intelligible answer to the innumerable questions as to the nature of the attack.”
相反诊断“提供了解答无数关于疾病本质问题的简洁明了的答案。”
That's 1800s-speak for ‘The diagnosis is funky, but the American people need to be told something about how their President died.'
即1800年代的讲话—“诊断很时髦，但美国人需要知道自己的总统是怎么死的。”
It's also telling that Miller didn't treat Harrison with the then-standard of care for pneumonia, which was bleeding.
这也说明米勒并没有用当时治疗标准—放血治疗哈里森。
There, Harrison actually kind of lucked out, since that would have probably killed him faster.
哈里森真的是很幸运，因为那种治疗方法可能会加快他的死亡。
So, if not pneumonia, what killed the President?
所以，如果不是肺炎，那么是什么杀死总统呢？
Well, the paper's authors argue that the symptoms better match enteric fever, which is an umbrella term for typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.
论文作者认为这些症状更像是伤寒，伤寒及副伤寒涵盖性术语。
Typhoid and paratyphoid are essentially the same disease — they're just caused by different strains of Salmonella bacteria, and paratyphoid is usually less severe.
伤寒及副伤寒本质上是同一种疾病—它们由不同沙门氏菌株引发，而副伤寒通常没那么严重。
In both cases, there's a fever, and a bunch of non-specific symptoms, like abdominal pain, body aches, headache, fatigue and constipation.
两种情况中，都伴有发烧和一种不明确的症状，比如腹痛、身体疼痛、头疼、劳累以及便秘。
The bacteria attack the lining of the gut, which can then break open, and pneumonia is actually a common secondary infection.
细菌造成肠道损伤，使肠道破裂，并且肺炎是一种常见继发感染。
This new analysis suggests that this is probably what happened.
新分析表明这就是所有发生的事情。
Miller may have even made the broken bowel more likely by giving the President enemas.
或许通过给总统灌肠使肠道更加破裂。
Harrison then likely died of the resulting blood infection, or sepsis.
哈里森很可能是死于血液感染或败血症。
As for how Harrison contracted enteric fever, well, the bacteria are usually spread in water or food that's contaminated with the feces of someone who's infected.
至于哈里森是如何感染伤寒的，嗯，细菌常在水中或受感染者排泄物感染的食物中传播。
And back in the 1840s, the White House was getting its water from a spring just 7 blocks away from a dumping ground for human waste.
回到1840年代，白宫从距离人类排泄物堆积场7个街区以外的泉水中获取水源。
At the time, Washington D.C. didn't have a sewage system.
那时华盛顿还没有污水下水道系统。
Instead, people collected their pee and poop in buckets, and at night workers known as 'night soil' men picked it up and deposited it in a field.
人们将排泄物装到水桶中，晚上夜香工将它们收走并在堆积场进行处理。
So it's not hard to imagine Salmonella bacteria periodically making its way to the spring and spreading the disease.
所以不难想到沙门氏菌定期地溜进泉水中并传播疾病。
In fact, several other Presidents of the era, including James Polk and Zachary Taylor,
事实上，那个时期的其他几位总统，包括詹姆斯·波尔克和扎卡里·泰勒
developed gastrointestinal diseases similar to Harrison's that were probably also enteric fever.
也患上了和哈里森相似的胃肠疾病，他们也可能感染伤寒。
Taylor died in 1850, just over a year into the job.
仅就职一年后，泰勒便死于1850年。
Polk survived, but was sickly from it, and likely died from cholera just after leaving the White House.
波尔克活下来了，但却病恹恹的。在离开白宫后，他死于霍乱。
In following years, Washington and other major U-S cities put in sewer systems to deal with human waste in a sanitary way.
在接下来几年里，华盛顿和其他主要美国城市安装污水管道系统以一种卫生方式处理人类排泄物。
But for a while, the White House was one of the most dangerous and deadly places in D.C.
但白宫暂时是华盛顿最危险致命的地方。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow!
感谢收看本期科学秀！
If you'd like to learn even more about science and history — and presidents —
如果你想了解更多关于科学历史以及总统的知识
you can watch one of my favorite episodes of SciShow of all time, our episode on how 18th-century medicine killed George Washington.
可以观看我最爱视频之一—18世纪医学如何杀死乔治·华盛顿。
