Faculty Governance
教授治校
Faculty governance is the traditional administration model in western universities. It has a long history. Dating from Paris University in the Middle Ages, it has played a very important role in the development of western universities. The prestigious Universities like Oxford and Cambridge have followed this pattern from Paris University. In 1810，Berlin University in Germany was established and the idea of uniting teaching and researching was put forward. Berlin University advocated "freedom of teaching" as well as "freedom of learning" and set up the faculty made up by all the professors. The faculty has the right to manage things like designing the principal, appointing the professors and other services, which empower the professors a wide range of academic power and makes the faculty governance spread far and wide. This has been imitated by many universities in Europe. By the 19th century, most western universities had implemented faculty governance; to the 20th century, many American universities like Yale University adopted this concept of faculty governance and made it characteristic of democratic governance. While introducing the concept of faculty governance, American universities learned from it and absorbed the experience of western universities critically, enriching its content. Although in recent years, the idea of co-running is rising, as one of the most basic management patterns, the idea of faculty governance has been advocated and implemented by many countries across the world.
教授治校是西方大学传统管理模式之一。自欧洲中世纪巴黎大学开始，教授治校便作为一种传统的大学管理模式在西方大学的发展中发挥着重要的作用。继巴黎大学之后成立的享誉世界的牛津大学、剑桥大学都遵循了教授治校的模式。1810年，德国柏林大学成立，提出了教学与科研相结合的办学思想。柏林大学倡导"教学自由"与"学习自由"的理念，并成立了由全体正教授组成的教授会。教授会拥有遴选校长、聘任教授等各项事务的管理权，使得教授享有广泛的学术方面的权力，教授治校的管理模式也得到了发扬光大，成为欧洲大学竞相模仿的对象。到19世纪，西方大学大都已实施了教授治校的管理模式。20世纪，耶鲁等美国大学均采用教授治校作为治校理念, 且形式多样，使之成为美国大学民主治校的基本特色。美国大学在引人教授治校理念的同时，积极批判地借鉴和吸收欧洲大学教授治校的经验，根据时代要求对教授治校理念进行不断创新，丰富其内涵。虽然在近几年，美国兴起了共同治校之风，但是教授治校作为高等教育最基本的管理模式之一，仍为世界上许多国家所推崇和践行。

Yale's most important management characteristic is "professor runs the school"，which has had enormous influence on the American higher education. From the school's initial period, passed through three generation of principals' endeavors, Yale formed the regulation that the board of directors did not participate in school affairs management which was run by the faculty. It spread such a few words in U.S. then: "Princeton the trustee is in power, Harvard principal manages a household, Yale Professor to take responsibility".
耶鲁大学最重要的管理特色是"教授治理学校"，这一特色对美国高等教育产生 了深远影响。建校初期，经过三代校长的努力，耶鲁逐渐形成了董事会不具体参与校 务管理、而由教授会治校的法规。在当时的美国流传着这样一句话："普林斯顿董事掌权、哈佛校长当家、耶鲁教授做主"。
One example is that when former President George Bush was invited back to his alma mater to accept an honorary doctorate for law, professors and students at Yale publicly expressed their objection: It was on May 21, 2001, the traditional school day, when the president announced to award Bush Honorary Doctor Degree for law, the students responded with laughter, boos and whistles and about 200 professors signed a collective refusal to attend the graduation ceremony. They thought that in accordance with Bush's performance and achievements, he was not entitled to receive this honor.
有一个事例，体现了耶鲁这一传统。在前总统小布什被邀清回母校接受一个荣誉法律博士学位时，耶鲁的教授与学生公开表达了自己的反对意见：那是2001年5月21日，传统的毕业日当天，当校长宣布授予小布什荣誉法律博士学位时，学生们报以笑声、嘘声和哨声，更有大约200名教授集体签字拒绝出席毕业典礼。在他们看来, 按照小布什的表现和成就，他根本没有资格接受那样一个荣誉称号。