(单词翻译:单击)
There are many different ways of helping people in extreme poverty.
有很多种不同的方式可以帮助到极度贫困地区的人民。
There are reliable organizations you can find them online.
你可以在网上寻找靠谱的机构组织帮助你。
They've been independently audited and assessed, they will use your money very well, very cost-effectively and they will save lives.
这些组织经过独立审计和评估，他们将有效地使用大家的捐款并拯救生命。
One way of doing that is to provide cataract surgery for people who have cataracts.
其中一种就是为白内障患者提供白内障手术。
Here in the United States, many people develop cataracts as they as they get older.
在美国，很多老年人患有白内障。
I think I'm probably gonna have to have my own cataracts removed before very long but that's not an issue for me.
我不久后或许也要做白内障手术了，但这对我来说不成问题。
It's covered by my health insurance and even if people are really poor in the United States,
我有医疗保险，即便是美国的穷人
they don't have health insurance, then Medicaid or Medicare will do it for them.
他们没有医保的话，医疗补助计划也会为他们做手术。
But in many poor countries, they can't afford it, so if they develop cataracts,
但在很多贫穷的国家，人们付不起费用，所以如果他们患上了白内障，
even though it's quite simple to remove them, they will slowly lose their vision and be blind for the rest of their life.
虽然是个简单的移除手术，得不到救助的他们还是会慢慢失去视力，从此失明。
There are organizations like the Fred Hollows Foundation and Seaver
像是Fred Hollows Foundation和Seaver 这样的组织
which will use your donation to do cataract operations in poor countries,
会用捐款为贫穷国家的人做白内障手术，
and they often train people, the local doctors to do them like Dr. Brewer
他们还经常对本地医生进行培训，比如Brewer医生
has performed hundreds of thousands of operations and so that's one example of how you can help.
就进行了成千上万次手术，所以你可以通过这些组织帮助他们。
Another example is repairing a condition called obstetric fistula.
另一个是修复手术——产科瘘。
So as the name implies this is something that happens during childbirth
这是在分娩过程中出现的病症
usually for girls who have children before their bodies are really mature or perhaps they're malnourished
通常是那些在身体未发育或营养不良的孕妇。
And so in any case they're not very strong and on top of that, they don't have any medical care during childbirth
所以患者身体差，最重要的是，她们在分娩过程中没有任何医疗护理
because they're living in some village in a rural area where they have no medical attention.
因为她们在偏远的地方，这里没有任何医疗看护。
So occasionally then something will go wrong with the birth. The baby will get obstructed in the birth process
所以有时在分娩过程中就会出问题。婴儿在生产过程中会受到阻碍
and is unable to get out to be born and so is wriggling and kicking -
婴儿出不来就会扭动和踢腿——
such a long time that the baby wears a hole in the uterus and through to, sometimes the bladder, sometimes the bowel, sometimes both.
长时间后，婴儿在子宫上穿了一个洞，有时通到膀胱，有时通到肠道，有时两者兼而有之。
Then assuming the the baby does eventually get born and the woman survives,
假设婴儿最终出生，产妇也活了下来，
she is an incontinent either of urine or feces or maybe both.
她大小便失禁，或者两者同时出现。
Now in these conditions in rural areas with poor hygiene, there's no way that she can keep clean
在卫生条件差的偏远地区，产妇得不到清理，
so her husband is quite likely to get rid of her, basically to throw her out and she may go back to her family
所以她的丈夫会抛弃她。大部分是将她赶出家门，她可能会回到自己家中
but the family also can't really cope with somebody who smells bad and can't keep clean
但是家人也不能真正很好的照顾脏兮兮的她们
so they may build her a little hut at somewhere away from the family, home
所以家人会给她在离家很远的地方建一个小屋
and essentially she's then gonna be an outcast for the rest of her life. And as I say often these are quite young women.
并且她的余生都将是一个被遗弃的人。这些通常都是年轻的女性。
But this this fistula this hole can be repaired. It can be repaired relatively cheaply, maybe seven hundred and fifty dollars.
但这个产科瘘是可以修复的。价格也相对便宜，可能750美元。
So you can donate to the fistula foundation, they can use the money to perform the surgery essentially.
所以你可以给相关基金会捐款，基金会会将钱用于手术。
You're giving, let's say an 18 year old girl her life back, which otherwise would be ruined
比如，你的捐助可以挽救一个18岁女孩的生命，让她可以重新回归正常生活，
and she can then go back to having a normal life. So that's another thing that's clearly I think a very good thing to do.
否则她的生活就被毁掉。所以我认为这也是一件不错的事情。
One more example which may be in a way goes more to the roots of poverty.
还有一种方法是深入到贫穷的根源。
There's an organization called Village Enterprise which helps people in villages
有一个叫做Village Enterprise的组织，
to develop small businesses, small enterprises themselves.
帮助村庄里的人做小买卖。
And it's been shown that what you need to succeed in this is a combination of things.
成功帮助他们需要做几件事。
You need to give them some asset that they don't have, maybe it's some cash
你需要给他们一些资产，可以是现金，
so that they can buy a little motor scooter or something and do something with that
他们可以用这笔钱买一个小摩托车之类的
or maybe it's chickens so that they can produce eggs and sell the eggs or a market stall.
或是是买些小鸡，卖鸡蛋赚钱，或是一个市场摊位。
Then you need to give them some training in how to run the kind of business that they've got the asset to run
然后你需要教他们如何经营小买卖，
and you also need to get together with other people in the village,
你还需要和村里的其他人见面，
it's usually women to form a sort of support group, support group where they talk to each other about their problems
通常是女性组成一种支持组，他们可以在这里讨论自己的问题。
But also if they're making money, they pool their savings and if somebody needs a bit of help
但他们赚了钱，他们会把积蓄集中起来，如果有人需要帮助的话
then they can get a loan from that to bridge them over a difficult time.
他们可以获得贷款度过难关。
So Village Enterprise does all of those things and it's been shown through very careful control trials
Village Enterprise做的就是这些事情，通过非常仔细的对照试验表明，
that this does help the people to get out of poverty and boost the village as well because there's more commerce going on in that village
这些确实帮助他们摆脱贫困，也促进了村庄的发生，因为村庄里有了更多的商业活动。
So it's a successful way to help people who otherwise don't have opportunities to work their way out of poverty to do exactly that.
所以这是帮助他们的一种成功的方法，否则他们没有机会通过自己的努力摆脱贫困。
