In 2003, when we sequenced the human genome, we thought we would have the answer to treat many diseases.
在2003年，当我们测序人类基因组时，我们以为会找到治疗多种疾病的答案。
But the reality is far from that,
但是实际情况远非如此，
because in addition to our genes, our environment and lifestyle could have a significant role in developing many major diseases.
因为除了我们的基因，我们的生存环境和生活方式也可能导致多种重大疾病。
One example is fatty liver disease, which is affecting over 20 percent of the population globally,
例如，影响全球超过20％人口的脂肪肝，没有任何有效的治疗方法，
and it has no treatment and leads to liver cancer or liver failure.
而且最终可发展为肝癌或肝衰竭。
So sequencing DNA alone doesn't give us enough information to find effective therapeutics.
因此，单纯的DNA测序无法提供足够信息，帮助我们寻找有效治疗方法。
On the bright side, there are many other molecules in our body.
好消息是，我们体内还有许多其他分子。
In fact, there are over 100,000 metabolites. Metabolites are any molecule that is supersmall in their size.
实际上，有超过10万多种代谢物。代谢物是体积很小的分子。
Known examples are glucose, fructose, fats, cholesterol -- things we hear all the time.
像我们常听说的：葡萄糖、果糖、脂肪、胆固醇等。
Metabolites are involved in our metabolism.
代谢物参与我们的新陈代谢。
They are also downstream of DNA, so they carry information from both our genes as well as lifestyle.
它们在DNA的下游，因此，它们携带着来自基因和我们生活方式的信息。
Understanding metabolites is essential to find treatments for many diseases.
了解代谢物对寻找许多疾病的治疗方法至关重要。
I've always wanted to treat patients.
我一直想治病救人。
Despite that, 15 years ago, I left medical school, as I missed mathematics.
但尽管如此，在十五年前，我因为喜欢数学而离开了医学院。
Soon after, I found the coolest thing: I can use mathematics to study medicine.
不久之后，我发现了最酷的东西：我可以使用数学来研究医学。
Since then, I've been developing algorithms to analyze biological data.
从那时起，我一直在开发用于分析生物学数据的算法。
So, it sounded easy: let's collect data from all the metabolites in our body,
这听起来很简单：我们先收集体内所有代谢物，
develop mathematical models to describe how they are changed in a disease and intervene in those changes to treat them.
然后，开发数学模型描述疾病中的代谢物变化，并通过干预这些变化来进行治疗。
Then I realized why no one has done this before: it's extremely difficult.
然后，我终于明白以前为何没人做这件事了：这真是太困难了。
There are many metabolites in our body. Each one is different from the other one.
我们体内有许多代谢产物，每一种都不一样。
For some metabolites, we can measure their molecular mass using mass spectrometry instruments.
对于某些代谢物，我们可以使用质谱仪来检测其分子量。
But because there could be, like, 10 molecules with the exact same mass, we don't know exactly what they are,
而质量完全相同的分子可能有10种之多，我们分不清谁是谁，
and if you want to clearly identify all of them, you have to do more experiments, which could take decades and billions of dollars.
如果想识别所有这些分子，则必须进行更多实验，这可能需要几十年、数十亿美元。

So we developed an artificial intelligence, or AI, platform, to do that.
为了做这件事，我们开发了人工智能（AI）平台。
We leveraged the growth of biological data
我们利用生物数据的增长，
and built a database of any existing information about metabolites and their interactions with other molecules.
建立了一个数据库，包含代谢物现有信息及与其它分子的相互作用的数据。
We combined all this data as a meganetwork.
我们将所有这些数据组合成了一个大型网络。
Then, from tissues or blood of patients, we measure masses of metabolites and find the masses that are changed in a disease.
然后，在患者的组织或血液中，测量代谢物的质量，并寻找因疾病而产生变化的代谢物的质量。
But, as I mentioned earlier, we don't know exactly what they are.
但是，正如我之前提到的，我们并不知道是什么代谢物。
A molecular mass of 180 could be either the glucose, galactose or fructose.
分子量为180的代谢物可以是葡萄糖、半乳糖或果糖。
They all have the exact same mass but different functions in our body.
在我们体内，它们的质量完全相同，但功能不同。
Our AI algorithm considered all these ambiguities.
我们的AI算法考虑了所有这些可能。
It then mined that meganetwork to find how those metabolic masses are connected to each other that result in disease.
然后，会挖掘那个巨型网络的数据，以发现那些代谢物如何相互关联而导致疾病。
And because of the way they are connected,
根据它们的关联方式，
then we are able to infer what each metabolite mass is, like that 180 could be glucose here,
我们就能推断出每个代谢物的质量，如180分子量的可能是葡萄糖，
and, more importantly, to discover how changes in glucose and other metabolites lead to a disease.
更重要的是，发现葡萄糖和其他代谢物的变化如何导致疾病。
This novel understanding of disease mechanisms then enable us to discover effective therapeutics to target that.
对疾病机制的这种新颖理解，使我们能够发现针对该疾病的有效疗法。
So we formed a start-up company to bring this technology to the market and impact people's lives.
凭借该技术，我们成立了一家初创公司，将该技术推向市场，进而影响人们的生活。
Now my team and I at ReviveMed are working to discover therapeutics for major diseases that metabolites are key drivers for,
现在，我们的ReviveMed团队正努力寻找主要代谢疾病的疗法，
like fatty liver disease, because it is caused by accumulation of fats, which are types of metabolites in the liver.
例如脂肪肝，因为它由脂肪堆积造成，而脂肪是肝脏中的代谢物。
As I mentioned earlier, it's a huge epidemic with no treatment.
如前所述，这种大型流行病尚无有效疗法。
And fatty liver disease is just one example.
脂肪肝只是其中一个例子。
Moving forward, we are going to tackle hundreds of other diseases with no treatment.
展望未来，我们将研究其它几百种尚无有效疗法的疾病。
And by collecting more and more data about metabolites and understanding how changes in metabolites leads to developing diseases,
通过收集更多代谢物的数据，了解代谢物的变化如何导致疾病发展，
our algorithms will get smarter and smarter to discover the right therapeutics for the right patients.
我们的算法会逐步完善，为某些患者找到合适的疗法。
And we will get closer to reach our vision of saving lives with every line of code. Thank you.
而且，我们将更加接近我们的愿景：用程序代码拯救生命。谢谢。