(单词翻译:单击)
大多数人的思维定势是趋向肯定的,也就是说我们更注重表示肯定的意思。而如果题目中出现否定词,则意味着我们需要听到和我们思维定势相反的意思。这时候,审题时是否注意到了否定词,就决定了我们是否能抓住正确答案,否则就会落入雅思的陷阱,将干扰信息当做了正确答案。我们来看一个典型的例子。
7-4-1
Family preferences: 6. no ___________
7. no objection to ____________
原文:
OFFICER: okay… do you have any preference for a family with children or without children?
STUDENT: I prefer… I mean I like young children, but I’d like to be with older people… you know…adults…someone around my age.
OFFICER: okay, and what about pets?
STUDENT: I am a veterinarian so that’s fine… the more the better.
解析:第6题的答案应该是“(young) children”, 但是很多同学都会写成“older people”或者“adults”。因为他们在听录音时,听到了转折信号词“but”, 然后又听到了表示肯定的“I’d like to”, 于是很自然的觉得这之后就是正确答案。而实际上,题目中的“no”表明,这里需要填的是说话者不想要的东西,所以答案并不是but后面表示肯定的部分。
第7题的答案应该是“pets”。这题的关键依然是题目中的否定词“no”, 但是不少同学不认识“objection”, 实际上这是一个双重否定。objection表示反对,no objection表示的是“不反对”。这里同样要注意的是“veterinarian”这个词,很多同学把这个词和“vegetarian”搞混了。veterinarian是兽医的意思,vegetarian是素食主义者的意思。说话人自称是个兽医,才会说对于pets, the more the better。
除了“no”之外,同样常见的否定词便是“not”了。
4-2-4
32. Corporate crime does NOT include
A. employees stealing from their company.
B. unintentional crime by employees.
C. fraud resulting from company policy.
原文:so crime like theft by employees—things like embezzlement or fraud against one’s actual employer are excluded according to this definition.
解析:题干中的NOT表示我们需要找出不属于corporate crime的选项,原文中的excluded表示“不包含在内”的意思,所以答案选C。
不过,我们审题时需要注意的否定词显然并不只有no和not, 有的时候,它们隐藏得更深。比如下面这几道真题:
5-2-1
3. Cost to join per year (without current student card): £ _______
4-3-4
39. Which argument was used AGAINST having a drama theatre?
A. It would be expensive and no students would use it.
B. It would be a poor use of resources because only a minority would use it.
C. It could not accommodate large productions of plays.
6-4-4
34. Very few African lions have
A. a long mane.
B. a coat with varied colours.
C. a fold of skin on their stomach.
6-1-4
33. Lack of ___________ in the East End encouraged the growth of business.
以上真题中的否定词分别是:without, against, few以及lack, 表示的都是否定。我们需要注意的是,否定词往往在原文中都会同义转换。比如6-4-4Q34中的very few在原文中转换成了not many; 6-14Q33中的lack在原文中就转换成了fewer。
有的时候,一些表示负面意义的动词也是否定词,比如:
7-1-4
39. You should avoid _____ or tracing rock art as it is so fragile.
解析:本题中的avoid表示避免,在原文中转化成了never, 其后的touching就是我们需要的答案。可以发现,注意到这样的否定词不仅可以帮助我们排除干扰信息,有的时候甚至可以帮助我们定位正确答案。