阅读试题

Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied.

In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group,without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group beingstudied. If. however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion,they want to include questions that reflet concepts familiar to all cultures involved.

How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach,the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether theinformation obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study. the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families. Black American families, Spanish American families. andAsian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a, support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would theetic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.

参考译文

[1]研究者如果对其研究的文化群体或种群不熟悉，那么，他们就要特别注意，不要带上来自其自身文化的任何偏见。比如，他们一定要确保他们所设计的研究方案对于他们所研究的每一个少数文化群体或者少数民族群体都是有意义的。

在从事对少数文化群体或者少数民族群体问题的研究过程中，调查研究人员会区分两种研究方法，即文化主位研究法和文化客位研究法。[2]/[3]文化主位研究法的目的是，用对于所描述的文化群体或种群的人民来说具有意义和价值的方式来描述某个文化群体或种群的行为，而不用顾及其他文化群体或种群。[4]文化客位研究法的目的则是通过描述某些行为，从而做出可以普遍适用于不同文化的推论。如果研究者用文化主位研究法设计一套调查问卷，他们关注的只是所提问题要对所研究的特定文化群体或种群有意义。然而，如果研究者用文化客位研究法设计一套调查问卷，他们希望采用的问题能反映出所有相关文化都熟悉的概念。

文化主位研究法和文化客位研究法在对家庭变化过程的研究中会怎样反映出来呢？在文化主位研究法中，研究者可能会选择只集中研究白人中产阶级家庭，而不管这种研究所得到的资料是否可以推广到少数种群，或者这样的资料对少数种群是否合适。在后续的研究中，研究者可能决定采用文化客位研究法，不仅研究白人中产阶级家庭，还要研究白低收入家庭、美国黑人家庭、美国西班牙裔家庭以及美国亚洲裔家庭。在少数种群家庭中，扩大家庭常常是一种支撑系统。如果是这样的话，文化主位研究法所提示的家庭成员的互动模式就会与文化客位研究法所提示的模式不一样，从而证明，对白人中产阶级家庭的研究结论并不总是可以普遍适用于所有的种族群体。

测试题

1. According to the First paragraph.researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to________________.

A) be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures
B) view them from their own cultural perspective
C) guard against interference from their own culture

D) accept readily what is alien to their own culture

2. What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach'?

A) They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.
B) The former is biased while the latter is objective.
C) The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.

D) They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.

3. Compared with the etic approach the emic approach is apparently more______________.

A) culturally interactive
B) culture-oriented
C) culturally biased

D) culture-specific

4. The etic approach is concerned with________________.

A) the general characteristics of minority families
B) culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups
C) features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups

D) the economic conditions of different types of families

5. Which of the following js true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage'?

A) Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.
B) Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.
C) They don't interact with each other so much as White families.
D) They have closer family ties than White families.

选项翻译与答案详解

1.根据第一段可知，不熟悉目标文化的研究者容易____________。

A) 在构建有意义的方法时过于谨慎
B) 从他们自己文化的角度来看待目标文化
C）去防止自己的文化对研究造成干扰
D）接受跟自己的文化很不同的文化

[B]在文章的开篇作者就指出“不熟悉他们所研究的文化和民族的研究者必须非常谨慎.以避免受本民族文化所带来的任何偏见”，也就是说他们必须特别警惕受到本民族文化的干扰。因此可以推断出，这些研究者极易受自身文化所带来的偏见的影响，须特别谨慎才能避免，故选B。注意C说他们倾向于警惕自己的文化偏见，正与原文含义相反。

2.关于主位研究方法和客位研究方法，作者是这样说的_____________________。

A) 在研究民族事宜的时候，他们的研究重点是不一样的。
B) 前者是有偏见的，后者是客观的。
C) 前者着眼于文化研究，后者关注家庭事宜。
D) 在进行调查研究的时候，两者都高度依赖于问卷调查。

[A]文章第2段第2、3句提到“emic approach描述一种文化或民族的行为，该行为只对该文化或民族的人们意义重大；而etic approach描述的则是对各种文化都能起作用的具有普遍意义的行为”由此可推断这两种方法有不同的侧重点。因此A正确。

3.相较于客位研究法，主位研究显然更加________________。

A) 具有文化互动性
B）以文化为导向
C) 具有文化偏见
D）关注于文化

[D]由文章第2段第3句可知，主位研究更针对某个具体文化，答案为D。

4.客位研究方法关注于_______________。

A) 少数族裔家庭的一般性特点
B）各个民族群体的与文化相关的理念
C) 不同文化和族裔共同的特点
D）不同类型家庭的经济状况

[C]文章第2段第3句提到“etic approach描述的是对各种文化都能起作用的具有普遍意义的行为”，所以研究的是共性，选C。

5.根据文章所说，以下关于美国的少数民族族裔家庭的哪一种说法是正确的？

A) 他们的文化模式通常更加具有适应性。
B) 他们的文化理念很难为人所理解。
C) 他们不像白人家庭那样喜欢与别人互动。
D) 他们的家庭纽带比白人家庭要紧密。
[D]文章末段倒数第二句提到“研究者可能会发现与白人家庭相比，少数民族家庭中的大家庭常常是一种相互支撑力量”，由此可得出，D正确。