(单词翻译:单击)
On April 30, 1789, George Washington took the oath of office as the first president of the United States, having been universally elected by the electoral college.
1789年4月30日，乔治·华盛顿宣誓就任美国第一任总统，他是由选举团普遍选举产生的。
The constitution did not specify how the executive branch of government, of which, the revolutionary war hero, was now the head, was to conduct its business, leaving Washington to construct the apparatus of governments around him.
当时的宪法并没有明确规定政府的行政部门如何运作，而当时的行政部门是革命战争英雄，由华盛顿在他周围建立政府机构。
He decided to ask Congress to create three new government departments, state, war and treasury.
他决定要求国会设立三个新的政府部门，国务院、战争部门和财政部。
The secretaries of these departments appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate would together with the attorney general formed the cabinet.
这些部门的秘书将由总统任命并经参议院确认，与司法部长一起组成内阁。
A group of men who would oversee the everyday business of executive government and advise the president on policy matters.
一群人，他们将监督行政政府的日常事务，并就政策问题向总统提供建议。
Almost 250 years later, this is still how the executive branch functions, though today's cabinet is made up of 25 members, instead of four.
近250年过去了，这仍然是行政部门的运作方式，尽管今天的内阁由25名成员组成，而不是4名。
Washington's trusted wartime aide Decarb Alexander Hamilton was selected by the president to serve as the first Secretary of the Treasury, the department that was to oversee the fledgling country's fragile economy.
华盛顿值得信赖的战时助手德卡布·亚历山大·汉密尔顿被总统选为第一任财政部长，负责监督这个羽翼未丰的国家脆弱的经济。
Confirmed by the Senate, in September, Hamilton immediately got to work with his usual gusto.
9月份，经参议院确认，汉密尔顿立即以他一贯的热情开始工作。
The first problem was the biggest.
第一个问题是最大的。
The government had no money to pay for its business.
政府没有钱支付它的业务。
The entire country suffered from a lack of ready cash and the obvious solution was to borrow money, but with no established credit rating, none of the large European banks were willing to give the United States government a loan.
整个国家都受到现金短缺的困扰，显而易见的解决方案是借钱，但由于没有既定的信用评级，没有一家欧洲大型银行愿意向美国政府提供贷款。
To resolve this, Hamilton proposed to create a public debt, using debts incurred by the various states during the revolutionary war, which the federal government would assume if he could show the U.S could pay back its internal debt.
为了解决这个问题，汉密尔顿建议用独立战争期间各州所欠下的债务来创造公共债务，如果他能证明美国能够偿还国内债务，联邦政府就可以承担这些债务。
Then foreign banks would feel confident that it could pay back any international debts incurred.
到那时，外国银行就会自信地认为，它能够偿还任何国际债务。
In addition, the bonds could be traded by speculators, known as Stock Jobbers as currency which would stimulate the American economy.
此外，这些债券可以由投机者进行交易，这些投机者被称为股票经纪人，他们可以作为货币来刺激美国经济。
Hamilton ran into unexpectedly fierce opposition from a group of political figures headed by the newly appointed Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson.
汉密尔顿出人意料地遭到了以新任命的国务卿托马斯·杰斐逊为首的一群政治人物的强烈反对。
Jefferson had been involved with the American experiment.
杰斐逊参与了美国的实验。
From the beginning, he was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence,
从一开始，他就是《独立宣言》的主要作者，
but Jefferson was skeptical of the Constitution, and mistrusted a strong federal government,
但杰斐逊对宪法持怀疑态度，不信任一个强大的联邦政府，
taking on a public debt increased the power of the federal government and opened the door to possible corruption which Jefferson associated with tyrannical rule.
承担公共债务增加了联邦政府的权力，并为可能的腐败打开了大门，杰弗逊将腐败与暴政联系在一起。
President Washington wanted both men in his cabinet as he believed both would offer valuable service to the new government.
华盛顿总统希望这两人都能加入他的内阁，因为他相信这两人都会为新政府提供有价值的服务。
He encouraged them to find a compromise and there was something Jefferson's faction wanted, the federal capital.
他鼓励他们达成妥协，杰斐逊的派系想要的是联邦首都。
It was currently located in New York city, but southern politicians like Jefferson wanted it moved further south, closer to their states.
它目前位于纽约市，但像杰斐逊这样的南方政客希望它更南移，更靠近他们的州。
A deal was struck, the capital would be moved, first to Philadelphia and then eventually to a planned federal site on the Potowmack River that formed the border between Maryland and Virginia.
双方达成了一项协议，首都将被迁移，首先迁移到费城，然后最终迁移到马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州边界Potowmack河上的联邦规划地点。
In exchange, the Revolutionary War dead would be assumed by the federal government.
作为交换，联邦政府将承担处理革命战争中的死者。
Hamilton was a New Yorker, at heart, and he knew losing the capital would hurt his home city,
汉密尔顿本质上是个纽约人，他知道失去首都会伤害他的家乡，
but he also knew it was what was best for the country as a whole, so he agreed.
但他也知道这对整个国家来说是最好的，所以他同意了。
And so it was that Washington DC was born and the foundation of the American economy was laid.
华盛顿特区就是这样诞生的，美国经济的基础也由此奠定。
The deal between Hamilton and Jefferson over the capital was the last time the two founding fathers were able to work together on anything.
汉密尔顿和杰斐逊之间关于首都的协议是这两位开国元勋最后一次能够在任何事情上合作。
The two men were fairly similar to each other and in another life they could have probably been close friends.
这两个男人非常相似，在另一种生活中，他们可能是亲密的朋友。
But both men were stubbornly committed to their principles, believing the future of the nation was at stake.
但两人都固执地坚持自己的原则，认为国家的未来危在旦夕。
And they both had wildly different ideas about what direction the United States should take.
他们对美国应该走向何方有着截然不同的看法。
Jefferson, a plantation owner who owned hundreds of slaves, believed that a largely agrarian nation populated by small-holding farmers was the most democratic form for an economy to take.
杰斐逊是一个拥有数百名奴隶的种植园主，他认为，一个以农业为主、由小型农场主组成的国家是最民主的经济形式。
In foreign policy, he favored France, believing the upheavals of the French Revolution were a continuation of the American struggle to overthrow monarchy,
在外交政策上，他支持法国，认为法国大革命的动荡是美国推翻君主制斗争的延续，
most importantly, he favored a weak federal government that was subordinate to the whims of state government, particularly large ones, like Virginia.
最重要的是，他支持一个软弱的联邦政府，它服从于州政府的各种想法，尤其是像弗吉尼亚这样的大政府。
He and his supporters like Hamilton's collaborator, on the federalist papers, James Madison formed a faction they called Democratic Republicans.
他和他的支持者，比如汉密尔顿的合作者詹姆斯·麦迪逊，在联邦党人文件中组成了一个派别，他们称之为民主党共和党人。
Today historians refer to them as the Jeffersonian Republicans to differentiate them from the modern democratic and republican parties.
今天，历史学家称他们为杰斐逊共和党人，以区别于现代民主党和共和党。
Alexander Hamilton, by contrast, believed the future of America lay not in farming but in commerce through manufacturing and trade, because 90 percent of American trade.
相比之下，亚历山大·汉密尔顿认为美国的未来不在于农业，而在于制造业和贸易，因为美国90%的贸易。
At the time came through great Britain, Hamilton favored them not because he wanted to restore British rule in America,
汉密尔顿支持他们，不是因为他想恢复英国在美国的统治，
but because he believed it benefited his nation economically and he believed that the best way to govern the country was through a strong federal government with broad authority.
而是因为他认为这有利于他的国家的经济，他认为管理国家的最好方式是通过一个强大的联邦政府，拥有广泛的权力。
