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1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology(the study of rocks)tothe exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geologyitselfisfirmlybased onchemistry, physics, and biology,involvingthe application of essentially abstract conceptstoobserved data.In the pastthese data werebasically observation and subjective, but they are now increasingly physical andchemical, and therefore more objective. Geology, in general, and petroleum geology, inparticular, still rely on valuejudgementsbasedon experienceand an assessment of validity among thedatapresented.

1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究)在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。地质学本身是以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。在过去，这些资料主要凭主观观察获取。现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资料的有效性评估。

2. The application of chemistrytothe study of rocks (geochemistry) has many usesin petroleum geology. Detailed knowledge of themineralogical composition of rocks isimportantat many levels.In theearlystages of explorationcertain generalconclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoircould bemade fromtheirgross lithology. For example, the porosity ofsandstones tends to be faciesrelated,whereasin carbonaterocksthis is generally notso. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rateat whichthey maylose porosity duringburial, and this detailed mineralogical information is essential forthe accurateinterpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and theireffect onthe stability of mineralscan be used topredict whereporositymay be destroyedbycementation,preservedin its originalform, or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.

2、化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学)中有许多作用。岩石矿物组分的详细资料在许多方面(at many levels)很重要。在勘探早期，就潜在储层的分布和质量而言(as tothe distribution and quality of potential reservoir)我们可以从总的岩性（their gross lithology）得出某些通用的结论（certain general conclusions）。例如，砂岩孔隙度一般与“相”(facies)有关，而(whereas)一般在碳酸盐岩中则并非如此。储层矿物学的详细知识可以帮助我们估计出在埋藏过程中(during burial)孔隙度损失的速率。这样详细的矿物组分资料对于准确地解释储层地球物理测井非常必要。了解孔隙流体的化学组成及其对岩石稳定性的影响，有助于预测哪些地区孔隙度因胶结作用而变差，哪些地区孔隙度保持不变，哪些地区孔隙度因地层水的溶蚀作用(solutionof minerals)而提高。

3. Organic chemistryis involved bothinthe analysis of oil and gas andinthe study of thediagenesisof the plant and animal tissuesin sedimentsandthe wayin whichthe resultantorganic compound, kerogen, generates petroleum.

3、有机化学（organic chemistry）则可应用于分析原油和天然气，可用于研究沉积物中植物和动物组织的成岩作用(diagenesis)，研究动植物组织转化为合成有机化合物（课文中没有相应的英文），揭示（研究）由此而生成的有机化合物干酪根(kerogen)生成石油的方式。

4. The application of physicstothe study of rocks(geophysics) is very important in petroleum geology.Inits broadestapplication geophysics makes a major contributiontounderstandingthe earth'scrust and, especiallythroughthe application ofmodern platetectonic theory, the genesis andpetroleum potential of sedimentary basins.Morespecially, physical conceptsare requiredto understandfolds, faults, and diapirs, and hence their rolesin petroleum entrapment.

4、在石油地质中，将物理应用到岩石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的广泛应用对于了解地壳，尤其是应用了现代板块构造理论后，对于了解沉积盆地的成因(genesis)和潜在石油资源做出了重要贡献(make a contribution to)。更为特别的是，在理解褶皱、断层和底辟以及它们在石油圈闭过程中的作用时需要物理概念。

5. Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable withoutthe aid of magnetism, gravity, and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps.Nor couldany findsbe evaluatedeffectivelywithoutgeophysical wirelinewell logsto measurethe lithology, porosity, and petroleum content of a reservoir.

5、利用现代石油勘探手段寻找潜在的石油圈闭时，如果没有地磁、重力和地震勘探(seismic survey)，是不可想象的(unthinkable)。同样，如果没有地球物理电缆测井测量岩性、孔隙度和储层中石油的含量，对任何发现的圈闭也不可能做到有效评价。

6. Biology is applied to geologyin several ways,notablythroughthe study of fossils (paleontology), and isespecially significant in establishing biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphical correlation. The shift in emphasis fromthe use ofmacrofossilstomicrofossilsfor zonation,causedby oil exploration, has already been noted. Ecology, the study of therelationshipbetween livingorganisms and their environment, is also important in petroleum geology. Carbonatesediments,in general, and reefs,in particular, can only bestudiedprofitably with the aid of a detailedknowledge of the ecology ofmodernmarine fauna and flora. Biology, and especially biochemistry, is important in studying thetransformationof plant and animal tissuesintokerogenduringburial and the generation of oil or gasthatmaybe caused by this transformation.

6、生物学可以从几个方面应用于(be applied to)地质学，较为明显(notably)的是用于化石研究(古生物学)，同时，生物学对区域地层对比(regional stratigraphicalcorrelation)和建立生物层序地层带(establishingbiostratigraphic zones)具有极为重要的意义。由石油勘探引起的（caused by oil exploration）划带重点化石已经显然由大化石转移到微体化石。生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。总体而言，碳酸盐岩沉积物，特别是生物礁，只有在现代海洋动物群落和植物群落生态学详细资料的帮助下才能获得有益的研究成果（开展有益地研究）。生物学，尤其是生物化学，对于埋藏过程中动植物组织转化为干酪根并由此生成石油和天然气的研究很重要。

7. Geologists, in contrast to some non-geologists,believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology canhelp to findpetroleum and, furthermore, often think thatpetroleum geologyandpetroleumexplorationare synonyms,whichthey are not. Theoriesthatpetroleum is not formedby the transformation oforganic matter in sediments have alreadybeen noted and are examinedinmoredetail. If the petroleumgeologists' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted, then presentexploration methods would need extensive modification.

7、地质学家相对于(in contrast to)非地质学家(如下面提到的勘探学家)来说，更相信了解地质概念有助于(help to)寻找石油。而且(furthermore)，常常认为石油地质和石油勘探是同义词(synonym)，而实际上并非如此。石油并不是由沉积物中的有机物转化而来的理论已经引起人们的关注，并在许多细节问题上(in more detail)得以证实。如果石油地质学者关于油气生成和运移的观点不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改变。

8. Some petroleumexplorationists still do not admit to a need forgeologiststo aidthem intheir search. In 1982 asuccessful oil finder from Midland, Texas, admitted tonot usinggeologistsbecausewhenhis competitors hired them,allit didwas to increase their costs per barrel of oil found. The SouthAfrican State Oil Company (SOEKOR) is under a statutory obligation imposedby itsgovernmentto put tothe test every claimtoan oil-finding method,be ita dowsing orsomesophisticated scientific technique. These examples are not isolated cases, and it has been arguedthatoil maybetterbe found by random drillingthanby the appliance of scientificprinciples.

8、一些石油勘探学家(explorationists)仍然不承认(admit to + n. or doing)在找油过程中需要地质学家的帮助。1982年，一位来自德州米德兰油田的发现者声称没有雇佣地质学家。他的对手雇佣(hire)了地质学家，这样做的结果(all it did)只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非国家石油公司在政府法律强行规定下(under a statutory obligation imposed by its government)，对每种发现石油的方法(寻找矿藏和水源机械方法或复杂的科学方法)必须进行测验。上述事例并非是独一无二的，它说明(it has been argued that)寻找石油可能的较好方法是随机钻探(random drilling)，而不是应用科学原理。

课后习题

课后练习：

1. Petroleumgeology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) _____the exploration_____and production of oil and gas.

A for/of B to/for C of/for D to/of

2. Geologyitself is firmly based on chemistry, physics, and biology, _____the applicationof essentially abstract concepts _____observed data.

A involved/of Binvolves/for Cinvolving/ to D involving/for

3. Geology, in general, and petroleum geology,in particular, still _____value judgements based on experience and anassessment of validity among the data _____.

Arely on/presented B rely on/presenting C reply on/presented D reply on/present

4. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical_____ of rocks is important at many levels.

A compose B comprehension C composition D complication

5. In the early stages of exploration certaingeneral conclusionsas tothe distribution and quality of potentialreservoir could be made from their_____ lithology.

A grow B groove C grocery D gross

6. For example, the porosity of sandstonestends to_____, whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so.

A be facies related B relatedfacies C be facial related D being related facies

7. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy ofreservoirs enables estimates ____ the rate ___ which they may lose porosityduring burial, and this detailed mineralogical information isessentialforthe accurateinterpretationof geophysical well logs through reservoirs.

A be made of/ at B to make/ for C to be made of/at D being made/to

8. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluidsand their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict _____ porositymay be destroyed by cementation,preservedin its original form, orenhancedbysolutionof minerals by formation waters.

A what B where C how D which

9. Organic chemistry is both involved theanalysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant andanimal tissues in sediments and the way in whichthe resultantorganic____, kerogen, generates petroleum.

A compose B campus C complicate D compound

10. In its broadest application geophysics makes amajor_____ to _____the earth's crust and especially through the application ofmodem plate tectonic theory, the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentarybasins.

A contribute/ understanding B contribution/understand

C contribution/ understanding D contribute/understand

11. Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable______the aid of magnetism, gravity, and seismic surveys in finding potentialpetroleum traps.

A at B with C for D without

12. Biology is applied to geology in several ways,notably through the study of fossils (paleontology), and is especiallysignificant in ____ biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphicalcorrelation.

A established B establishment C establishing D establish

13. The shift on emphasisfromthe use ofmacrofossilstomicrofossils for zonation, ____ oil exploration, hasalready been noted.

A causing B because C caused D causedby

14. Carbonate sediments, in general, and reels, inparticular, can only be studied _____ with the aid of a detailed knowledge ofthe ecology of modern marine fauna and flora.

A profitably B profit C profitable D benefit

15. Biology, and especially biochemistry,isimportant in studying the transformation of plant and animal tissues intokerogenduring burial and the ______ of oil or gas that may be caused by thistransformation.

A generator Bgenerate C generation D creation

16. Geologists, ________ some nongeologists,believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleumand, furthermore, often think that petroleum geology and petroleum explorationare synonyms, _____they are not.

A in contrast to/ which B comparedto/who

C in contrast with/which D comparing to/ which

17. Theories _____petroleum is not formed by thetransformation of organic matter in sediments ______noted and are examined inmore detail.

A that/has already been B that/havealready been

C which/are already D what/ are

18. If the petroleum geologists' view of oilgeneration and migration are not accepted, then present exploration methodswould need extensive _____.

A modify B modification C complication Dapplication

19. In 1982 asuccessful oil finder from Midland, Texas, admitted to not using geologistsbecause _____his competitors hired them, all it did was to increase their costsper barrel of oil ____.

A of/ find B while/ founded C when, found D though/ finding

20. The South African State Oil Company (SOEKOR)is under a statutory obligationimposed byits government to put to thetest every claim to an oil-finding method, ___ a dowsing or some sophisticatedscientific technique.

Abe it B it maybe C being it D it being

答案：1B 2C 3A 4C 5D 6A 7C 8B 9D 10C 11D 12C 13D 14A 15C 16A 17B 18B 19C 20A