词汇选项

第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）

1．The rules are too rigid to allow for humane error.
A．inflexible B．general C．complex D．direct
2．This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.
A．turned dead B．passed by C．carried away D．become extinct
3．The contract between the two companies will expire soon.
A．shorten B．end C．start D．resume
4．Three world-class tennis players came to contend for this title.
A．argue B．claim C．wish D．compete
5．The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.
A．simple B．reliable C．effective D．alternative
6．Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.
A．moral B．regular C．fundamental D．hard
7．The drinking water has become contaminated with lead.
A．polluted B．treated C．tested D．corrupted
8．Come out, or I’ll bust the door down.
A．shut B．set C．break D．beat
9．She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.
A．wiped B．injected C．produced D．removed
10．They didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.
A．existence B．importance C．cause D．situation
11．The tower remains intact even after two hundred years.
A．unknown B．unusual C．undamaged D．unstable
12．Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.
A．doubtful B．untouched C．certain D．silent
13．The proposal was endorsed by the majority of members.
A．rejected B．submitted C．considered D．approved
14．Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.
A．send B．spread C．hear D．confirm
15．The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.
A．naked B．cautious C．blind D．private
阅读判断

第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

New Understanding of Natural Silk’s Mysteries
Natural silk, as we all know, has a strength that man-made materials have long struggled to match. In a discovery that sounds more like an ancient Chinese proverb than a materials science breakthrough, MIT researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. Or, more specifically, its many weaknesses. Silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility（柔韧性）from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are intrinsically very weak but that work together to create a strong, flexible structure.
Most materials — especially the ones we engineer for strength — get their toughness from brittleness. As such, natural silks like those produced by spiders have long fascinated both biologists and engineers because of their light weight, ductility and high strength (pound for pound, silk is stronger than steel and far less brittle). But on its face, it doesn’t seem that silks should be as strong as they are; molecularly, they are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are far weaker than the covalent（共价的）bonds found in other molecules.
To get a better understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the MIT team created a set of computer models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. They found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals（纳米晶体）is such that the hydrogen bonds are able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against external forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure.
The result is natural silks that can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of strength. But while that’s all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understanding of silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. Our best and strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce (requiring high temperature treatments or energy-intensive processes).
By looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anything currently on offer. And if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes（纳米碳管）, think again. The MIT team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural silk — like carbon nanotubes. Super-silks are on the horizon.
16．MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
17．Silk’s strength comes from its weak hydrogen bonds working together.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
18．Biologists and engineers are interested in understanding natural silks because they are very light and brittle.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
19．If the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they breakfast.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
20．The MIT team had tried different materials before they studies natural silk in the research.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
21．Carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in materials science.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
22．It is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
概括大意和完成句子
第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23 ~ 26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27 ~ 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
Black Holes
1　Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational（重力的）force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the star’s surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses.
2　Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass（恒星质量）black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare: if a star that’s ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole that’s no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a black hole that’s only a fraction of an inch!
3　Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up（吞噬）objects within a specific distance to it. It’s possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star, only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state.
4　So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black holes might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years, and later contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.

27．Black holes are formed after ________.
28．When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into ________.
29．A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of ________.
30．Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity helps to prove ________.

A．Is there proof that black holes really exist?
B．What are different types of black holes?
C．How are black holes formed?
D．How were black holes named?
E．What happens to the objects around a black hole?
F．What are black holes made of?

23．Paragraph 1 _____
24．Paragraph 2 _____
25．Paragraph 3 _____
26．Paragraph 4 _____

A．the creation of new entities
B．an explosion of huge stars
C．the tiniest particle
D．the same amount of mass
E．the existence of black holes
F．a fraction of an inch


阅读理解
第一篇 Forecasting Methods
There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.
The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degrees today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.
The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation. Using this information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends method works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. If they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.
The climatology method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. For example, if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for New York City on July 4th, you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for every July 4th and take an average. The climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year, the climatology method will often fail.
The analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It involves examining today’s forecast scenario and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find a predict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations as they were in the previous time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results.
31．What of the following factors is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method?
A．Necessary amount of information.
B．Degree of difficulty involved in forecasting.
C．Practical knowledge of the forecaster.
D．Creativity of the forecaster.
32．The persistence method fails to work well when
A．it is rainy.
B．it is sunny.
C．weather conditions stay stable.
D．weather conditions change greatly.
33．The trends method works well when
A．weather features are constant for a long period of time.
B．weather features are defined well.
C．predictions on precipitation are accurate.
D．the speed and direction of movement are predicable.
34．The analog method should not be used in making a weather forecast when
A．the analog looks complicated.
B．the current weather scenario is different from the analog.
C．the analog is more than 10 years old.
D．the current weather scenario is exactly the same as the analog.
35．Historical weather data are necessary in
A．the persistence method and the trends method.
B．the trends method and the climatology method.
C．the climatology method and the analog method.
D．the persistence method and the analog method.

第二篇 Students Learn Better With Touchscreen Desks
Observe the criticisms of nearly any major public education system in the world, and a few of the many complaints are more or less universal. Technology moves faster than the education system. Teachers must teach at the pace of the slowest student rather than the fastest. And — particularly in the United States — school children as a group don’t care much for, or excel at, mathematics. So it’s heartening to learn that a new kind of “classroom of the future” shows promise at mitigating some of these problems, starting with that fundamental piece of classroom furniture: the desk.
A UK study involving roughly 400 students, mostly aged 8-10 years, and a new generation of multi-touch, multi-user, computerized desktop surfaces is showing that over the last three years the technology has appreciably boosted students’ math skills compared to peers learning the same material via the conventional paper-and-pencil method. How? Through collaboration, mostly, as well as by giving teachers better tools by which to micromanage individual students who need some extra instruction while allowing the rest of the class to continue moving forward.
Traditional instruction still shows respectable efficacy（效力）at increasing students fluency in mathematics, essentially through memorization and practice — dull, repetitive practice. But the researchers have concluded that these new touchscreen desks boost both fluency and flexibility — the critical thinking skills that allow students to solve complex problems not simply through knowing formulas and devices, but by being able to figure out what the real problem is and the most effective means of stripping it down and solving it.
One reason for this, the researchers say, is the multi-touch aspect of the technology. Students working in the next-gen classroom can work together at the same tabletop, each of them contributing and engaging with the problem as part of a group. Known as Synergy Net, the software uses computer vision systems that see in the infrared（红外的）spectrum to distinguish between different touches on different parts of the surface, allowing students to access and use tools on the screen, move objects and visual aids around on their desktops, and otherwise physically interact with the numbers and information on their screens. By using these screens collaboratively, the researchers say, the students are to some extent teaching themselves as those with a stronger grasp on difficult concepts pull other students forward along with them.
36．Which of the following statements is NOT true of the public education system?
A．It does not catch up with the development of technology.
B．Teachers pay more attention to fast learners than slow learners.
C．Some similar complaints about it are heard in different countries.
D．Many students are not good at learning mathematics.
37．What has been found after the new tech is employed?
A．Teachers are able to give individualized attention to students in need.
B．Students become less active in learning mathematics.
C．Students show preference to the conventional paper-and-pencil method.
D．The gap between slow learners and fast learners get more noticeable.
38．What is the benefit students get from the new tech?
A．It makes them more fluent in public speech.
B．It offers them more flexibility in choosing courses.
C．It is effective in helping them solve physical problems.
D．It enables them to develop critical thinking ability.
39．What happens when students are using the desktop of the new tech?
A．Every student has an individual tabletop.
B．Students use different tools to interact with each other.
C．The multi-touch function stimulates students.
D．The software installed automatically identifies different users.
40．How does the new tech work to improve students’ mathematical learning?
A．It helps fast learners to learn faster.
B．It makes teachers’ instruction unnecessary.
C．It enables them to work together.
D．It allows the whole class to learn at the same pace.

第三篇 On the Trail of the Honey Badgers
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers（獾）. The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly（谨慎地）as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious（凶恶的）. Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey（猎物）. The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fat that female badgers never socialized with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity — or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
41．Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A．To observe how honey badgers behave.
B．To find where honey badgers live.
C．To catch some honey badgers for food.
D．To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
42．What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A．They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
B．They are always looking for food.
C．They do not enjoy human company.
D．It is common for them to attack people.
43．What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A．There were some creatures they did not eat.
B．They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
C．They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
D．Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
44．Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A．They don’t run very quickly.
B．They defend their territory from other badgers.
C．They are more aggressive than females
D．They hunt over a very large area.
45．What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
A．They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
B．They lost interest in people.
C．They started eating more.
D．Other animals started working with them.
补全短文
第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。 Toads are Arthritic and in Pain
Arthritis is an illness that can cause pain and swelling in your bones. Toads, a big problem in the north of Australia, are suffering from painful arthritis in their legs and backbone, a new study has shown. The toads that jump the fastest are more likely to be larger and to have longer legs. ______ (46).
The large yellow toads, native to South and Central America, were introduced into the north-eastern Australian state of Queensland in 1935 in an attempt to stop beetles and other insects from destroying sugarcane crops. Now up to 200 million of the poisonous toads exist in the country, and they are rapidly spreading through the state of Northern Territory at a rate of up to 60 km a year. The toads can now be found across more than one million square kilometers. ______ (47) A Venezuelan poison virus was tried in the 1990s but had to be abandoned after it was found to also kill native frog species.
The toads have severely affected ecosystems in Australia. Animals, and sometimes pets, that eat the toads die immediately from their poison, and the toads themselves eat anything they can fit inside their mouth. ______ (48)
A co-author of the new study, Rick Shine, a professor at the University of Sydney, says that little attention has been given to the problems that toads face. Rick and his colleagues studied nearly 500 toads from Queensland and the Northern Territory and found that those in the latter state were very different. They were active, sprinting down roads and breeding quickly.
According to the results of the study, the fastest toads travel nearly one kilometre a night. ______ (49) But speed and strength come at a price — arthritis of the legs and backbone due to constant pressure placed on them.
In laboratory tests, the researchers found that after about 15 minutes of hopping, arthritic toads would travel less distance with each hop. ______ (50) These toads are so programmed to move, apparently, that even when in pain the toads travelled as fast and as far as the healthy ones, continuing their relentless march across the landscape.
A．Toads are not built to be road runners — they are built to sit around ponds and wet area.
B．The task now facing the country is how to remove the toads.
C．Furthermore, they soon take over the natural habitats of Australia’s native species.
D．Toads with longer legs move faster and travel longer distances, while the others are being left behind.
E．But this advantage also has a big drawback — up to 10% of the biggest toads suffer from arthritis.
F．But arthritis didn’t slow down toads outside the laboratory, the researchers found.
完形填空

第6部分：完形填空（第51～65题，每题1分，共15分）
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light
Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but ____ (51) now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, ____ (52) lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.
That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower ____ (53). And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can
____ (54) up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a ____ (55) in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known ____ (56) thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they ____ (57) much less silicon, they have a greener footprint.
____ (58), thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
“That means that their efficiency drops when you ____ (59) them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains, which is one of the ____ (60) thin- film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.
However, Pearce and his team found a ____ (61) to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new ____ (62) of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling ____ (63) of water, they could make thicker cells that largely ____ (64) the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they ____ (65) the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.
51．A．until B．unless C．when D．if
52．A．what B．which C．that D．who
53．A．reward B．bill C．pay D．cost
54．A．move B．set C．live D．take
55．A．decision B．suggestion C．solution D．qualification
56．A．for B．by C．with D．as
57．A．retrieve B．merge C．require D．exchange
58．A．Unfortunately B．Certainly C．Luckily D．Immediately
59．A．cover B．relate C．face D．expose
60．A．restrictions B．advances C．reasons D．strengths
61．A．part B．result C．subject D．way
62．A．type B．size C．shape D．brand
63．A．area B．point C．place D．extent
64．A．promoted B．improved C．overcame D．asserted
65．A．boosted B．defined C．wasted D．lower
参考答案
2013年职称英语等级考试真题参考答案（理工类A级）

1 A 2 D 3 B 4 D 5 A
6 C 7 A 8 C 9 A 10 B
11 C 12 A 13 D 14 B 15 B
16 B 17 A 18 B 19 B 20 C
21 A 22 A 23 C 24 F 25 E
26 A 27 B 28 C 29 D 30 E
31 D 32 D 33 A 34 B 35 C
36 B 37 A 38 D 39 C 40 C
41 B 42 A 43 C 44 B 45 D
46 E 47 B 48 C 49 D 50 F
51 A 52 B 53 D 54 D 55 C
56 D 57 C 58 A 59 D 60 C
61 D 62 A 63 B 64 C 65 A
其中：
第一部分：第1～15题，每题1分，共15分；
第二部分：第16～22题，每题1分，共7分；
第三部分：第23～30题，每题1分，共8分；
第四部分：第31～45题，每题3分，共45分；
第五部分：第46～50题，每题2分，共10分；
第六部分：第51～65题，每题1分，共15分。
试卷满分：100分。
答案解析
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）试题题解
第1部分：词汇选项
1　B　rigid僵硬的，固定的，顽固的，与inflexible同义。
2　D　circulate作不及物动词时意思是“传播，流通”，如：We should often open the windows to allow the air to circulate.我们应当经常打开窗户以使空气流通。题干的意思是：关于他财政问题的流言开始流传。
3　A　bust使爆裂，题干意思是：快点，不然我就破门而人了。这里与break同义。
4　C　wary谨慎的，机警的，与cautious同义。naked裸体的，blind盲的，private私人的。
5　C　expire期满，终止，与end同义。resume是“重新开始”。
6　D　endorse赞同，认可，如：I fully endorse everything the chairperson has said.我完全赞同主席所说的一切。四个选项中，reject拒绝，submit提交，consider考虑，approve赞同。
7　B　intact的意思是“完整无缺的，未受损伤的”，与undamaged同义，如：The church was destroyed in the bombing but the altar survived intact.教堂在轰炸中被毁，但神坛却完好无损。unstable不稳定的。
8　A　contaminated被污染的，可用polluted替换。
9　C　primitive原始的，在这里可以转义为“简单的”，故用simple替换。
10　B　die out是固定搭配，意思是“完全消失，灭绝”，become extinct也是形容物种灭绝的，在这里可以替换。pass away是对死亡的一种婉转说法，常用于人。
11　D　shed流出，shed tears就是流泪，produce也有“产生出”的意思。wipe是“擦”，意思与原文不符。
12　A　skeptical怀疑的，与doubtful同义。
13　C　magnitude有几个意思，其中一个是“重要（性）”，与importance同义。existence存在，cause原因，situation状况。
14　D　cardinal意为“基本的”，与fundamental同义。moral道德的，regular规律的。
15　B　contend竞争，奋斗，与compete同义。

第2部分：阅读判断
16　B　本文第一段提到MIT研究员发现天然的丝是从它的薄弱处获得力量，这个研究结果更像是中国古代的谚语。而题干说此研究是为了解释中国古代的谚语，这与文章不符，答案是B。
17　A　文中第二段和第三段提到，虽然天然的丝中的氢键比其他分子中的共价键更不牢固，但它们能联合作用来抵御外力。所以题干正确，答案是A。
18　B　文中第二段第二句话提到生物学家和工程师被吸引是因为天然的丝很轻、很柔韧，但却又有高强度。而题干中说是因为天然的丝很轻、很脆弱，不符合文中的意思，所以答案是B。
19　B　第三段最后一句话提到氢键如果被外力弄断也会分解得很慢，而题干中说氢键会很快地分解，与文中观点不符，所以答案是B。
20　C　文章中只提MIT研究小组对天然的丝的研究，却没有提到在研究天然的丝前研究过不同的材料。题干表达的意思没有出现在文章中，所以选择C。
21　C　文中最后一段说明纳米碳管技术值得人们去了解，但并不能说明它目前在材料科学中是最流行的。题干表达的意思没有出现在文章中，所以选择C。
22　A　文中最后一段最后一句话提到入MIT小组已经开始找方法，用比天然的丝强度更大的材料合成类似天然丝的结构，超级天然丝即将实现。所以题干的表达符合文章意思，答案选A。

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子
23　A　本段的主题句是“Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars"。意为“科学家已经发现黑洞是来自于巨大恒星的爆炸”，后文主要讲恒星爆炸的原理，所以本段主要讲的是黑洞是如何形成的。答案是A。
24　B　本段的主题句是“Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals”，意为“黑洞来源于由氢气、其他气体和少量金属组成的星体”，本段其他的句子在讲黑洞的形成条件。所以本段主要讲的是黑洞的组成。答案是B。
25　F　本段中，第一句话主要讲被黑洞吸住的物体总是停在那，永远不能挣脱。第二句话主要讲黑洞只能在一定的距离内吞噬物体。第三、第四句话主要是说太阳附近的大型星体可能会变成黑洞，但是太阳的位置不会变。所以本段主要讲黑洞周围物体的情况。因此答案是F。
26　E　本段的主题句是“So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity”，意思是“天文学家根据爱因斯坦的相对论已经算出黑洞的存在”。后文讲的是天文学家对黑洞存在的进一步研究。因此本段主要在讲黑洞存在的问题，答案是E。
27　D　第一段第二句话，“Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars”，意思是“科学家已经发现黑洞来自于巨大恒星的爆炸”，所以答案是D,“巨大恒星的爆炸”。
28　A　第二段第二句话，“When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass（恒星质量）black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough ( should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest par-tide”，意思是“只有在星体足够大时，爆炸后才能变成恒星质量的黑洞，因为爆炸使它们变成片状，然后重力开始将每一片压成最薄的粒子”。所以答案是A，“最薄的粒子”。
29　C　第三段第四句“Orbits（轨道）do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star”，意思是“新形成的黑洞的轨道不会变，因为它的质量和它之前是恒星时的质量一样”。所以答案是C,“相同的质量”。
30　F　第四段第一句话，“So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity”，意思是“到目前为止，天文学家已经根据爱因斯坦的相对论算出黑洞的存在”。所以答案是F,“黑洞的存在”。

第4部分：阅读理解
31　B　第一段第三句Their main aim was to study the badgers' movements and behaviour as discreetly（谨慎地）as possible，可推断出此次调查的目的是了解獾的习性。
32　A　第二段讲述Khama对獾的评价，它们有很强的好奇心。
33　C　由第三段可知，獾对当地的瓜类很感兴趣，而瓜类含水量很高，它们吃瓜是为了得到水分。灌通常会吃它们所能抓到的任何动物，连毒蛇也不怕，因此A、B错误。灌会组成松散的家庭，因此可排除D。
34　B　第四段讲了雄性獾的特征，它们能在短时间内行进很长的距离，因此B正确。它们乐意同其他雄性獾分享领地，因此C错误。文中并没有提到它们在好斗性方面同雌性灌的区别，因此排除D。
35　A　由最后一段第一句“As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals' curiosity - or their sudden aggression”可知，獾在习惯人的存在之后兴趣就不那么浓厚了。
36　B　文中第一段提到“The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast”，所以只有B没有提及，其他选项都有提到。答案是B。
37　D　文中第二段最后一句话提到“However, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day ,the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use"，说明如果每天的天气变化很大，持续法预测天气就不准确了，所以答案是D。
38　A　文章第三段倒数第二句提到“The trends method works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time"，说明如果在很长一段时间内，风速和风向都保持不变，趋势法预测得很准确。所以答案是A。
39　C　文中第五段第四句提到“The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find a predict analog"，说明模拟法使用起来很困难，因为事实上找到一个可预测的模拟很难。所以目前的天气模式与模拟不同时，模拟法不应该被使用。所以答案是C。
40　C　第四段提到，气候学方法需要将过去多年的天气数据计算出来求平均数来预测天气情况，第五段提到模拟法需要检测今天的预测模式和过去相似的天气预测模式。所以气候学方法和模拟法都需要过去的天气数据，所以答案是C。
41　C　文中第一段提到“Teachers must teach at the pace of the slowest student rather than the fastest"，说明老师必须按最慢的学生的节奏安排教学，而不是按最快的学生的节奏安排，C 正好相反，其他三个选项均可以在第一段找到。所以答案是C。
42　B　文中第二段提到“Through collaboration, mostly, as well as by giving teachers better tools by which to micromanage individual students who need some extra instruction while allowing the rest of the class to continue moving forward”，说明通过给老师更好的技术，他们就能细致管理那些需要额外指导的学生，而其他学生可以继续学习下面的内容。所以答案是B。
43　D　文中第三段提到研究者总结出这些触摸屏课桌能促进学生用批判性思维来解决复杂的问题，能够找到真正的问题所在，以及最有效的解决方法，而不是简单地通过了解公式来解答。所以答案是D。
" D 文章最后一段最后一句提到“By using these screens collaboratively , the researchers say, the students are to some extent teaching themselves as those with a stronger grasp on difficult concepts pull other students forward along with them”，说明学生们通过合作使用触摸屏，某种程度上他们也在互相学习，因为对困难概念理解力强的学生可以帮助其他学生，所以学生们可以通过使用不同工具进行互动。答案是D。
45　A　文章最后一段提到“Students working in the next-gen classroom can work together at the same tabletop ,each of them contributing and engaging with the problem as part of a group”，说明学生们可以在同一个桌面上一起做题，他们每个人作为小组的一分子都参与到解决问题中来。所以答案是A。

第5部分：补全短文
46　C　第一段主要讲述研究显示蟾蜍会患关节炎。前面的句子讲跳得快的蟾蜍可能体形更大，并且腿更长，然后话锋一转，说这种优势也有一个很大的弊端，那就是体形大的蟾蜍更容易患关节炎。
47　E　前文讲述澳大利亚的蟾蜍过多影响了生态平衡，后面讲的是人们尝试消灭蟾蜍但失败了，因此填入的句子应该是关于消灭蟾蜍的。
48　A　前文讲到蟾蜍的适应性极强，什么都能吃，而它的天敌却因为它的毒性而死亡了，因此蟾蜍对澳大利亚的生态环境产生了极大影响。
49　F　要填人的句子后面有but，说明是转折，后面讲的是速度和力量带来的负面影响，而前文应该是讲它的优点，因此应选F。
SO D 前文讲蟾蜍在实验室内越跳越慢，后文讲在野外蟾蜍习惯于跳跃，即使疼痛也要尽量跳得快，D项讲的是在野外蟾蜍的跳跃速度不会越来越慢，符合题意。

第6部分：完形填空
51　D　本题考查连接词的意思。本句的意思是“太阳光伏发电系统既产热又产电，但是直到现在它在产生热能方面不如太阳能单机集热器”。A是“除非”，B是“当……时候”，C是 “如果”，D是“直到”，所以答案是。。
52　A　本题考查的是非限制性定语从句。B、C都不能引导非限制性定语从句，此处缺少的是修饰solar cells的关系代词，所以应该是which，答案是A。
53　B　上一句提到这是经济问题，所以此句表达的意思是好的太阳能热水系统比太阳能电力系统收集的能量更多，而且成本更低。A是“报酬，奖励”，B是“花费”，C是“账单”，D是“支付，偿还”。所以答案是B。
54　C　本题考查的是短语搭配。本句的意思是光伏电池会占据屋顶的所有空间。move up是 “提升，上升”，set up是“建起；创立”，take up是“占用（地方、时间等）”，没有live up的搭配，通常是live up to（符合，不辜负）。所以答案是C。
55　B　本题考查名词词义。A是“决定”，B是“解决办法”，C是“建议”，D是“资格”。本句表达的意思是“Joshua Pearce想出一个用不同种类的硅做出一种形式更好的PVT的办法”。所以答案是B。
56　C　本题考查搭配。本句的意思是“你也可以用非晶体硅制作太阳电池，通常被称作薄膜硅”。be known for是“因……而著名”，be known by是“根据……被知道”，be known as是“被称为，以……著称”，没有be known with的搭配。A项强调因果关系，C项强调被称作，被认为。所以答案是C。
57　D　本题考查的是动词词义。本句的意思是“而且，因为它们需要更少的硅，所以它们更绿色环保”。A是“恢复，重新得到”，B是“合并，融合”，C是“交换”，D是“要求，需要”。所以答案是D。
58　A　本题是对副词的考查。上文提到的是薄膜硅的优点，本句提到的是它的缺点，所以此处的副词应该是向不好的方面转折。A是“不幸地”，B是“当然地，C是“幸运地”，D是“立即，马上”。所以答案是A。
59　D　本题考查动词词义。A是“覆盖”，B是“涉及，与……有某种关系”，C是“面对”，D是“使暴露在（空气、阳光等中）”。本句的意思是当你把它们暴露在阳光下，它们的效率就会降低。所以答案是D。
60　C　本题考查名词词义。A是“局限，限制”，B是“前进，进展”，C是“原因”，D是“力量”。本句的意思是“Pearce解释道，这也是薄膜太阳能电池板只占据一小部分市场的原因之一”。所以答案是C。
61　A　本题考查名词词义。A是“方式，方法”，B是“部分”，C是“结果”，D是“主题”。本句的意思是“Pearce和他的团队找到一种新的设计方法，避开Staebler-Wronski效应，就是使用一种含有薄膜硅的新型PVT"。所以答案是A。
62　C　本句意思见上一题解析。A是“尺寸”，B是“形状”，C是“类型”，D是“商标”，所以答案是C。
63　B　本题考查搭配。本句表达接近水的沸点，B项boiling point是沸点的意思，其他选项不符合题意，所以答案是B。
64　A　本题考查动词词义。A是“克服”，B是“促进，提升”，C是“提高，提升”，D是“评价，评估”。根据上文提到的可以避开Staebler-Wronski效应，可以判断本句的最佳选项是A。
65　A　本题考查动词词义。A是“提高，增长”，B是“定义”，C是“浪费”，D是“降低”。本句的意思是他们也发现，如果每天把太阳能电池加热一次，他们的电力效能可以提高10%以上。所以答案是A。