Using the example from the lecture, explain what behavior modification is and how it works.
请用课上所举例子解释说明什么是行为矫正，以及行为矫正是如何进行的。
Now read the passage from a psychology book.
请阅读这篇选自心理学课本的文章。
You have 45 seconds to read the passage. Begin reading now.
你有45秒的时间阅读文章内容，现在计时开始。
Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic in a Psychology class.
请听心理学课上关于这个话题的部分内容。

This happens all the time with kids in schools.
在学校里的孩子身上一直出现这种情况。
Say there was a little boy or girl who's just starting school.
假设一个小男孩或者小女孩刚开始上学。
Well, they're not really used to the rules about proper behaviors for classroom.
他们对在教室里要举止得体的规定还不怎么习惯。
So at the beginning they might,
所以最开始上学的时候，
I don't know, interrupt the teacher, walk around the classroom when they're supposed to be sitting down.
本该老老实实坐在位置上的他们，可能会打断老师讲课或者站起来四处走动。
You know, just mis-behaving in general.
一般而言就是上课捣乱。
Ok, but, what happens?
好了，那接下来会怎么样呢？
Well, the teacher gets angry with them when they act this way.
当他们这么做的时候，老师往往会生气。
They might get punished.
然后惩罚他们。
They have to sit at their desks when everyone else is allowed to go outside and play.
当其他同学都可以去外面玩的时候，他们必须老实坐在位置上。
And they certainly don't like that. Soon, they'll learn that this kind of behavior gets them in trouble.
他们当然不喜欢这样。很快他们就会知道，这种行为会给他们带来麻烦。
They'll also learn that when they raise their hand to talk to the teacher and sit quietly
他们也会发现如果举手之后再跟老师说话，安静地坐在位置上，
and pay attention during class, they are rewarded.
上课注意力集中的话，他们就能得到奖励。
The teacher tells them she's proud of them and maybe puts a little happy-face sticker on their homework.
老师会说她为他们感到骄傲，也许还会在他们的作业本上贴上一个小笑脸的贴纸。
Now that their behavior gets a good reaction from the teacher,
既然老师对他们的行为反应很好，
the kids learn to always act this way in class. And not behave the way they used to.
那孩子们就知道在教室里要一直这么做，并且不再像过去那样淘气了。