改错原文

Educational philosophy has changed a great deal in the 50 years since I was in school. Back then, for example, I had the highest grades in school, but many of my teachers went out of their way to cut me down because I wouldn't get conceit.(1)____ Aside from the debated question of whether that worked, the point is that today, the educational establishment has the opposite philosophy.(2)____ They tend to tell all kids they are smart. I have seen elementary schools that most students are selected as "Honors Students."(3)____
Research clearly shows that if students learn best from their mistakes depend on a student's self-perception.(4)____(5)____ Research by Carol Dweck and colleagues at Stanford demonstrated that the students who are most likely to learn from their mistakes are those who don't think of themselves as smart as such and smart enough to get smarter.(6)____ They have a "growth mindset," a belief system they can get better if they will just invest in the time and effort.(7)____(8)____ In one of the group's experiments, half of students were repeatedly praised for "being smart," and these students were not good at learning from mistakes.(9)____ It is not clear why. Maybe they thought the problem was in the learning material, not in them. The other half of students were praised for effort and improvement and these students got better and made few mistakes.(10)____ Several months later, all students repeated a standardized test, and the "smart" students'scores dropped 20%, while the "growth mindset" students scored 30% higher.

答案解析

文章大意
本文讨论的是“夸小孩聪明”的教育理论。跟50年前相比，现在的教育理念已经发生了翻天覆地的改变。例如，那时候，如果学生在考试中得第一，教师总是要鸡蛋里挑骨头，找出一两个毛病，使学生不会太骄傲自满。今天的教育界则信奉着完全相反的哲学。他们趋向于告诉所有的孩子，他们都是聪明的。心理学实验研究清楚地表明，经常被夸奖为“聪明”的学生不善于从错误中学习。而那些不认为自己已经非常聪明，却聪明地足以认识到，自己是可以通过努力变得更聪明的学生，最有可能从错误中学习。
答案详解
1．conceit→conceited词汇错误。conceit可以作名词或动词，此处应该用其形容词形式conceited，意为“骄傲的，自负的”。
2．debated→debatable词汇错误。debated作形容词，意为“被争论的”，debatable的意思是“有争议的；可争论的”。而此处作者要强调的是这个问题具有争议性，所以用debatable更合适。
3．that→where语法错误。schools后接的是一个定语从句，而在此定语从句中，that既不是作主语，也不是作宾语，而是作状语，表示“在这些学校”，所以应该用表示地点的关系副词where来引导。
4．if→whether词汇错误。引导主语从句一般用whether，而不用if。
5．depend→depends语法错误。depend的主语是whether引导的从句，单个从句作主语时，应该当做单数名词来看，所以谓语动词也应该用单数形式。
6．and→but语篇错误。从上下文的语义来判断，句间的逻辑关系应为转折关系。前面一句说到“最有可能从错误当中学习的学生是那些认为自己并不那么聪明”，后句则说“聪明到足以认识到通过努力可以变得更聪明”，前句的“不那么聪明”和后句的“聪明”形成语义的转折，故应把and改为but。
7．system∧→that语法错误。仔细分析此句的意思，they can get better if...应该作a“growth mindset”或者a belief system的同位语，用以说明它们的具体内容，而同位语从句的引导词that是不能省略的。
8．(invest)in→in词汇错误。invest表示“投入（时间，金钱等）”时，通常用在invest time/money/effort (in sth/in doing sth.)结构中，故此处删掉in。
9．∧students→the词汇错误。此处是特指参加实验的学生，所以应加上表示特指的定冠词。
10．few→fewer词汇错误。few意为“很少，几乎没有”，而由此句的better一词，我们可以看出此句是对比实验前后学生的表现，而且从上下文以及客观常识来推断，一次实验并不能让学生不犯错误，所以此处应该用比较级fewer。