5.Mount Tambora: Sumatra: 1815: 92,000
5.坦博拉火山（所在地：苏门答腊岛，喷发时间：1815年，死亡人数：92000人）
Mt Tambora's explosive eruption is one of the most powerful ever recorded and had a dreadful impact all around the world, affecting global weather and causing the following year, 1816, to be known as 'The Year Without a Summer'. The eruption caused tsunamis in the surrounding areas and ash fall ruined crops on nearby farms. Many of the deaths attributed to the volcano were secondary, caused by starvation or drowning, rather than by direct contact with ash and lava. It is interesting to note that a small group of arty types were kept indoors in 1816, by unseasonal rain caused by the high levels of ash and volcanic gases in the atmosphere, on their Swiss holiday. To stave off boredom, they all challenged each other to write the best short story or poem. The wife of one of the poets present produced a gruesome tale called Frankenstein, while another of the poets wrote 'A Fragment' that later inspired the story of Dracula; Mary Shelley and Lord Bryon respectively might never have produced these important works had it not been for the volcano all those miles away. Volcanic debris in the air was responsible for some amazing technicolour sunsets in London, many of which have been immortalised in the work of Turner, the artist.
坦博拉火山大爆发是至今为止记录在案的最为猛烈的火山喷发之一，在全世界范围内造成了可怕的影响，甚至还改变了地球的气候，使得次年（1816年）成为了“无夏之年”。此次事故导致周边地带发生多起海啸，火山灰的飘落更是致使附近的农场颗粒无收。许多遇难者并未直接遭遇火山灰和岩浆，而是间接死于饥饿、溺水等。有趣的是，在1816年，空气中高浓度的火山灰和火山气将瑞士笼罩在了不合时宜的阴雨之下，一群度假的文人骚客因而被迫困于室内。为了避免无聊，他们互相发起挑战，比赛作诗或是编写故事。在场的一位诗人的妻子创作出了恐怖故事《科学怪人》，还有一位诗人创作出了诗篇《一个片段》——德古拉伯爵的故事正是来源于此。前者名叫玛丽·雪莱，而后者便是拜伦勋爵。如果不是因为千百英里外的这场火山喷发，他们可能永远无法创作出这些举足轻重的作品。空气中的火山碎屑给伦敦带来了多彩的晚霞，这一奇观在画家特纳的画作中得以永生。

4.Huaynaputina: Peru: 1600: at least 2 million: 1/3 of all Russians were killed in the ensuing famine
4.埃纳普蒂纳火山（所在地：秘鲁，喷发时间：1600年，死亡人数：至少两百万人，三分之一的俄罗斯人死于火山喷发后接踵而来的大饥荒）

This immense volcano gave plenty of warning of its intent to erupt, and the population heeded this warning, hastily preparing sacrifices of young girls, pets and flowers to appease the turbulent volcano. It seemed as though the sacrifice was rejected almost immediately as the volcano belched out hot gases, even during the ceremony. A few days later the main eruption occurred and the nearby land was subject to fiery pyroclastic flows, swift-moving lahars and over 10 inches of ash-fall. Eruptions continued for the next month or so, and more than ten villages were entirely covered with ash. While only some 1,500 people died from the immediate fall-out of the volcano, Russia suffered its coldest year in six centuries the following year, which led to a famine that killed off huge numbers of the population.
这座巨型火山在喷发前向人们发出了足够多的警告，人们也确实注意到了，急匆匆地开始准备献祭少女、宠物和花朵以抚慰岩浆汹涌的火山。但火山似乎毫不领情，在仪式进行的过程当中就喷出了炽热的气体。几天后，真正的爆发开始了。附近地区受到汹涌的火山碎屑流和火山灰泥流的侵袭，堆积起的火山灰厚度超过十英尺。这次喷发持续了一个多月，十几个村落被完全掩埋在了火山灰下。虽然只有约1500人直接死于火山沉降物，但俄罗斯因此迎来了六个世纪以来最为寒冷的一年。严寒导致的饥荒夺走了无数人的性命。

3.Santorini: Greece: 1650 – 1500BC: Unknown, but believed to have wiped out the Minoans and caused a dynasty-toppling famine in China
3.圣托里尼（所在地：希腊，喷发时间：公元前1650年到1500年，死亡人数：不详，但据称此次火山喷发毁灭了米诺斯文化，还在中国引发了导致王朝更替的饥荒）

This eruption occurred before reliable record-taking was introduced, but seems to have inspired a number of Greek myths and legends, including the loss of the Minoans and the fall of Atlantis. The effects of the volcano were, according to local legends, felt as far afield as Egypt and China. Even the Christian Bible mentions events like plagues and disasters that can be attributed to the effects of far-off volcanic activity in Exodus. A series of earlier eruptions resulted in the unique shape of the island nation, one fairly accurately described in Plato's writings about Atlantis. Little is known of the specifics of the eruption but it seems to have been a violent explosion, falling into the top category of the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The landscape shows signs of four successive periods of ash fall, but little else can be proven at this great remove from the eruption.
圣托里尼火山喷发时还没有可靠的文字记录，但它似乎启发了许多希腊神话和传说，包括米诺斯文化的失落和亚特兰蒂斯的衰亡。根据当地传说，火山喷发所带来的影响甚至波及到了遥远的埃及和中国。基督教《圣经》中的《出埃及记》里提及的一些瘟疫和灾祸也是该远古火山活动的后遗症。早先的几次火山活动造就了希腊这个岛屿国家独特的地理样貌，柏拉图有关亚特兰蒂斯的这段文字描述得很准确。有关此次喷发事故的具体细节我们所知甚少，但看起来应该极为猛烈，算得上是火山爆发指数等级最高的一场火山喷发。从地形中可以看出接连四次火山灰沉降的迹象，但毕竟时间太过久远，我们难以知道更多。

2.Laki: Iceland: 1783: 6 million (over several countries and continents)
2.拉基火山（所在地：冰岛，喷发时间：1783年，死亡人数：六百万，波及数个国家和洲）

Iceland is known for being the land of ice and fire, and this was never made clearer than in 1783 when a fissure containing some 130 craters opened up; the result of boiling magma coming into contact with the ice cold groundwater with explosive consequences. Over the next few days the volcano changed, becoming less explosive and streaming liquid lava instead (more like the Hawaiian volcanoes). Few people (relatively speaking) were killed in the immediate aftermath of the eruption, with famine and poisoning from the harsh wind-borne gases and ash killing an inordinate amount of people who were unlucky enough to live in the lee of the volcano.
冰岛素有“冰与火之岛”的名号。1783年，一条形成了130个火山口的断裂带证明这绝非浪得虚名。沸腾的岩浆与冰冷的地下水相接触，形成了爆炸。在之后的几年中，火山变得不那么具有爆炸性，而是形成了流动的液体岩浆（与夏威夷的火山十分相像）。（相对而言）较少的人死于火山喷发带来的直接后果，而那些不幸生活在火山下风处的人们则因饥荒或是因风中有害气体和火山灰的毒害而大批死去。

1.Lake Toba: Indonesia: 69,000 – 77,000 years ago, most people on earth, leaving only 10,000 or so
1.多巴湖（所在地：印度尼西亚，喷发时间：69000-77000年前，死亡人数：地球上的绝大部分人类，仅剩下约10000人）

This volcano, which is known only through the effect that it has had on the geology both nearby and on the other side of the world, is believed to have had a violent eruption, reaching an unheard of 8 on the Volcano Explosivity Index (it usually categorises a 7 as the highest possible reading). It is believed to be the largest and most severe volcano in the last 25 million years… Scientists believe that the active phase of the eruption lasted for two weeks and the dust and gases thrown up by the eruption affected global temperatures and climate for the next few years. One fact that has been fairly well agreed upon is that the eruption was so violent and intense that it completely demolished the mountain, leaving a huge crater which has, over time, filled with water transforming it into Lake Toba, 100 kilometres long, 30 kilometres wide and over 500 metres deep. There is a popular theory that the Toba explosion killed off much of the world's human population, partly supported by evidence of a 'bottleneck' in historical human genetics, but as there is no corroborating decline in the populations of other animals at the same time, this is not fully accepted by the scientific community…
关于这座火山，我们只知道它对附近及地球另一端的地质环境曾造成的巨大影响。据称这座火山曾猛烈地喷发过，并且达到了史无前例的火山爆炸性指数8级（通常7级被规定为可能的最大读数）。人们相信这是在过去的两千五百万年中规模最大、同时也是影响最为严重的一次火山喷发。科学家们相信，这次喷发事故的活跃期持续两周，从火山口涌出的灰尘和气体对全球气温和气候的影响持续了好几年。普遍的观点认为，这次喷发剧烈得将一座大山完全摧毁，留下了一个巨大的深坑，随着时间的流逝和水分的积累，最终形成了现在100千米长、30千米宽、500多米深的多巴湖。一则流行理论认为，多巴火山的喷发消灭了世界上大部分的人类。古人类遗传学中一个瓶颈期的存在或多或少支持了这一理论。然而，由于同一时期其他物种的数量并未显著减少，该理论还没有完全被学界所接受。

翻译:李闻昱 校对:有耳陈小树 来源:前十网