5.Gustnado
5.阵旋风
Gustnado is the term used for a brief tornado that's completely separate from the main thunderstorm that usually spawns regular tornadoes. In 2012 a severe thunderstorm spawned a gustnado at the edge of a high-speed wind in southeast Wisconsin. This rare phenomenon stunned the local fire department, who rushed to the aid of people caught up in the storm.
阵旋风是一种短暂的龙卷风，完全从雷暴中分离出来，通常会带来有规律的龙卷风。2012年，一场剧烈的雷暴所带来的阵旋风以极高的风速袭击了威斯康辛州的东南部。这场罕见的天气现象震惊了当地的消防部门，他们紧急援助了被困在风暴中的人们。

A gustnado isn't as strong as a tornado and is formed when a downpour of rain draws cold air down with it from the inside of a storm. The cold air that's forced downward with the rain hits the ground hard and then spouts a gust of wind, which in turn becomes a gustnado. A severe gustnado usually forms when a lot of the cold gusts formed on the ground mix with the hot air there. Gustnadoes only last for a few minutes, but they're still capable of inflicting some serious damage on their surroundings.
阵旋风的强度不同于龙卷风，它的形成是由于倾盆大雨将暴风雨中的冷空气一起带下来。雨水推动着冷空气向下猛烈地冲击地面，而后喷射出一阵风，从而形成了阵旋风。当地面上有大量的冷风混合着热空气形成的时候，剧烈的阵旋风通常会随之形成。阵旋风通常只持续几分钟，但仍然会对周围的环境造成严重的破坏。

4.Inversion Clouds
4.逆温云

Just after Thanksgiving in 2013, visitors at the Grand Canyon noticed something weird — the canyon was rapidly filling up with a thick fog. Tourists were left in awe when the fog rolled into the park and eventually formed what looked like a waterfall of clouds. This weather anomaly is known as an inversion.
2013年，就在感恩节之后，大峡谷的游客们注意到一件奇怪的事——一种浓雾正迅速地填满峡谷。旅行者们陷入恐慌，浓雾席卷整个公园，最后看起来就像是云瀑布。这种异常的天气现象就是逆温。
An inversion is caused by cold air remaining near the ground and warmer air moving over it. The inversion at the Grand Canyon started when a storm moved through just before the holiday, causing the ground to freeze. When the warmer air then moved through afterward, the beautiful inversion phenomenon took place. Rangers at the park confirmed that much smaller inversions occur fairly often, but the larger ones that fill up the entire Canyon only happen every ten years or so. This one lasted the whole day, with the fog only dissipating when it started getting dark.
逆温的形成是由于冷空气停留在了近地面，而温度更高的空气持续上升。在节日的前一天，一场暴风雨袭击了大峡谷，导致地面冰冻，从而出现了逆温。随后，当温暖的气流开始向上移动，就带来了美丽的逆温现象。公园管理员表示，小范围的逆温现象相当常见，但大范围的发生于整个峡谷的逆温现象大约十年才发生一次。这次的现象持续了一整天，雾气直到夜色降临时才逐渐散去。

3.Solar Tsunami
3.太阳海啸

2013 was a good year for rare weather events. In the middle of the year, two satellites caught something unusual happening on the surface of the sun. A tsunami was rolling on its surface as a reaction to an ejection of matter into space.
2013年年中时，两颗卫星监测到太阳表面出现了不寻常的现象。一场“海啸”正在其表面滚动，这是日冕物质抛射进入太空所产生的反应。
The injection and subsequent solar tsunami gave scientists a greater understanding of the dynamics of a tsunami and how they occur on Earth. The Japanese satellite Hindoe and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) are instrumental in researching events that happen on the sun, and they both study its ultraviolet light to establish the exact conditions on the surface. Hindoe was also thought to have gathered enough data for experts to finally figure out why the corona of the sun is thousands of degrees hotter than its surface. It was during all of this research that scientists became aware of shock waves following the matter ejection. This incident was very similar to the movement of a tsunami on Earth after an earthquake has taken place. The shock waves are very rare, making a solar tsunami a rare phenomenon as well.
抛射以及随后的太阳海啸使科学家们能更好地理解海啸的动力机制及其在地球上的成因。日本卫星Hindoe与太阳动力学天文台（SDO）专门搜集太阳上发生的事件，并一同研究太阳紫外线，以确定太阳表面的准确情况。Hindoe还为专家们收集了足够多的证据，能够帮助专家计算出为何太阳日冕层比太阳表面要灼热上千度。在整个研究过程中，科学家逐渐意识到，日冕物质抛射后，随之而至的是冲击波。这一现象与地球上地震后随之发生海啸相似。冲击波很少见，因此也使太阳海啸成为非常少见的现象。

2.Super Refraction
2.超折射

Also in 2013, people living in northern Ohio woke up one morning and were stunned to find that they could see all the way to the Canadian shoreline. This is not at all possible under normal circumstances because of the way the Earth is curved. However, locals were able to see all the way to Canada because of a rare natural phenomenon known as super refraction, where rays of light are bent downward toward the surface of Earth. The rays are bent this way because of changes in air density. During this light-bending, far-off objects can be seen that are usually hidden from view because they're reflected in the rays of light. The light from the sun had bent so far down over Lake Erie that the refraction made the Canadian shoreline visible from more than fifty miles away.
还是在2013年，居住在美国俄亥俄州的人们清早醒来，愕然发现他们竟然可以一直看到加拿大的海岸线。这在正常情况下是不可能的，因为地面上的道路是曲折的。然而，当地人之所以能一直看到加拿大，是由于超折射这一罕见的自然现象，光线向下弯曲折向地面。光线之所以会如此弯曲是由于空气密度的改变。发生光线曲变时，可以看见那些通常看不到的遥远物体，因为它们可以在光线中反映出来。太阳光从很远的地方弯折向伊利湖，折射使五十英里以外的加拿大海岸线也呈现在人们眼前。

1.Atmospheric Blocking
1.大气阻塞

Atmospheric blocking is quite possibly the rarest weather event on Earth, which is good because it's also one of the most dangerous. It happens when a high pressure system gets stuck and can't move from one place to another. Depending on the type of system it can either lead to flooding or extremely hot and dry conditions.
大气阻塞很可能是地球上最罕见的天气现象。它的发生是由于高压系统受阻，无法移动到其他地方。由于这种系统的类型，它可能会引发洪水或极端炎热与干旱的天气。
An example of atmospheric blocking is the 2003 European heat wave that killed 70,000 people. The high-pressure system that became stuck in this instance was very powerful and blocked any relieving fronts from passing. In 2010, 15,000 Russians were killed by a heat wave caused by another blocking incident. And in 2004 atmospheric blocking in Alaska caused such hot temperatures that glaciers started melting and large forest fires started up in the area. It's not always doom and gloom, though — in another 2004 blocking, positive effects were noted in Missouri as temperatures remained pleasant and eventually produced fantastic crops.
大气阻塞的一个例子是2003年席卷欧洲的热浪，造成了70000人死亡。在这次事件中，受阻的高压系统非常强劲，阻塞了所有能够缓解的锋面过境。2010年，15000名俄罗斯人丧命于另一大气阻塞所带来的热浪中。2004年，发生在阿拉斯加的大气阻塞带来了高温天气，冰盖融化，并在这一地区引发了大量的森林火灾。尽管如此，大气阻塞所带来的也并非都是厄运和破坏——2004年的另一场大气阻塞给密苏里州带来了积极影响，使这一地区温度适宜并最终种植出了优良的农作物。

翻译：赵倩 来源：前十网