5.Aquagenic Urticaria
5.水源性荨麻疹
Aquagenic urticaria is better known as an allergy to water. Though not a true allergy, as no histamine is actually released by the body, the disorder still presents with painful rashes that break out wherever water touches the skin. Usually within an hour after contact with water, the sufferer will end up with small wheals, which are raised, reddened areas also known as papules. It's an extremely rare disorder, with only 100 reported cases worldwide.Some scientists believe there may be a genetic component to the disorder, as there has been no evidence of transmission from person to person. However, most cases take place in separate families, with only a few happening to relatives. While some cases can be quite gentle, most are extremely painful, with sufferers resorting to either extremely short baths or none at all in order to avoid the pain.
水源性荨麻疹因其对水过敏而著称。尽管并非真正过敏，身体没有真正释放组胺，但这种疾病仍可表现为接触水后暴发疼痛的疹子。通常在接触水一个小时之内，患者便起满小的风疹块，这些起疹块发红的区域也称之为丘疹。这种疾病非常少见，全世界只有100例报道。一些科学家认为可能有基因因素影响这种疾病，因为并没有证据表明它可在人际传播。然而，大多病例都分散在不同的家庭当中，只有少数病例发生在亲戚之间。虽然一些病例发病温和，但大多数都极端痛苦，患者诉诸于极端短浴来缓解痛苦，或者根本束手无策。

4.Brainerd Diarrhea
4.布雷纳德腹泻

As you can probably guess from the name, this disease is a severe, acute form of diarrhea first described after an outbreak in Brainerd, Minnesota. The exact reason for the contraction is unknown to scientists at this time, but it may be caused by the consumption of contaminated water or raw milk. Sufferers experience 10–20 episodes of explosive, watery diarrhea every day. Nearly all of the recorded outbreaks have taken place in the United States, though there have only been eight since it was first discovered.Brainerd diarrhea can last for months—even up to a year—with no respite for those afflicted because it's extremely resistant to any form of antimicrobial treatment. Drugs like Imodium have been reported to offer some relief, but only in very high doses. Because the exact source of the disease is unknown, there is no known preventative measure, other than to boil all well water and avoid unpasteurized milk.
你可以从名称中大致推断出这种疾病是一种严重的急性腹泻，在明尼苏达由布雷纳德首次进行了描述。这种痉挛的确切原因至今都不为科学家所知，但它可能是因为饮用了污染的水或者生牛奶而引起。患者每天都遭受10到20次爆炸性的水样腹泻。几乎所有的布雷纳德腹泻爆发都发生在美国，尽管从第一例发现起才仅仅8例而已。水泻般腹泻会持续数月甚至一年，使这些饱受折磨的人没有任何喘息机会，因为它对任何形式的抗菌治疗都具有抵抗性。如易蒙等药物据报道能稍有缓解，但也仅限于相当高剂量的情况下才可以。目前，人们还不知道这种疾病的确切病源，所以没有任何有效的预防措施，只能用煮沸水、避免喝未消毒的牛奶等方法来预防。

3.Sickle Cell Anemia
3.镰状细胞性贫血

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder in which the red blood cells form abnormally, taking the shape of a crescent or sickle. In addition, there aren't enough blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body. Those afflicted with SCA also lose the defective blood cells up to 12 times faster than those without the disorder.A mutation in one of the genes responsible for hemoglobin is the root cause of the disorder and it seems to be most prevalent among those whose ancestors lived in areas where malaria was common. The symptoms vary person to person, but fatigue and chronic pain is extremely common and never goes away. Thanks to modern medicine, it isn't the killer that it once was, with many people making it to their 60s and beyond. However, while blood and marrow stem cell transplants have shown some promise, there is still no cure.
镰状细胞性贫血是一种基因血液疾病，血红细胞性状异常呈新月形或镰刀状。而且机体没有足够的血细胞为全身供氧。饱受SCA折磨的病人会以常人12倍的速度丢失缺陷血细胞。血红素基因的一处变异是这种疾病的根本原因，而且它似乎在其先人所住的疟疾肆意地区更为盛行。其症状在每个人身上都表现不同，但疲倦和慢性疼痛非常普遍且永不消失。多亏现代医药，它并不像曾经那样像个杀手般肆虐猖狂，许多人可以活到60多岁。不过，全血和骨髓干细胞移植显示有很大希望，但依然不能完全治愈。

2.Adiposis Dolorosa
2.痛性肥胖病

For anyone familiar with Latin or the TV show Doctor Who, it will be obvious that this particular disease has to do with fat. Also known as "Dercum's disease" after the doctor who first described it, sufferers are plagued with tumors called lipomas all over their torso. Nearly all of those who get this disease are obese women between the ages of 35–50.With no known cure or cause, Dercum's disease is believed to perhaps have a genetic component to it, as it does seem to run in some families. Other scientists theorize that it is an autoimmune disorder, as healthy tissue is attacked by the body. Tthe only treatments available for this extremely painful condition focus on one symptom at a time, utilizing pain medications and weight loss strategies. Liposuction has shown some mild success at treating the disease.
熟悉拉丁或电视节目神秘博士的人，很显然了解这种疾病与肥胖有关。在医生首次描述之后也称之为"德尔肯氏病"，患者周身都会遭受这种名为脂肪瘤的肿瘤折磨。几乎所有患此疾病的人都是35-50岁的肥胖女性。治疗未知、病因未知，所以德尔肯氏病被认为很可能有基因因素，因为其确实看起来只发生在家族中。其他科学家建立了一种学说，推论它是一种自身免疫的紊乱，即机体攻击自身健康组织。对这种相当痛苦的状况，唯一可行的治疗手段主要集中于一次解决一种症状，利用疼痛治疗和减重手段。在治疗这种疾病时，吸脂手术略显成功。

1.Ondine's Curse
1.代恩的诅咒

For those of you unfamiliar with French or German folk tales and mythology, Ondine was a nymph who took a mortal as her lover, who swore that each one of his breaths would be a testament of his love for her. After he committed adultery, Ondine—or her father, in some versions—cursed the cheater to stop breathing the next time he fell asleep. Otherwise known as "congenital central hypoventilation syndrome," sufferers lack the function of the autonomic nervous system which regulates breathing. This means that they have to consciously remember to breathe.When they sleep, most are hooked up to ventilators. If they are able to survive into adulthood, the sleep masks used to treat sleep apnea tend to work well enough to enable them to live relatively normal lives. Genetics are believed to play a major role as the cause of the disease, though it has appeared in adults after major surgery or trauma.
对不熟悉法国或德国的民间故事或神话的观众来说，仙女代恩将一个凡人作为她的爱人，她发誓他的每个呼吸都是爱她的证明。然而仙女的爱人通奸后，代恩——有些版本是她的父亲——诅咒这个该死的骗子在下次入睡时停止呼吸。这又称为"先天性中枢性低通气综合征"，主要是患者缺乏调节呼吸的自主神经系统功能。一旦入睡，大多数患者必须连接呼吸机。如果他们能够存活到成年，使用治疗睡眠呼吸暂停的睡眠面罩往往足以使他们过上正常生活。尽管这种疾病在重大手术或哮喘后也发生于成年人，但遗传学被认为在疾病成因中发挥重要作用。

翻译：宁舒子 来源：前十网