HONG KONG — Shen Changxiang, who once supervised the cybersecurity of China's strategic missile arsenal and spearheaded computer-security research for the navy, has warned of the perils of his country's reliance on American technology.
香港——沈昌祥曾经主管过中国战略导弹武器库的网络安全，并牵头为海军开展了计算机安全研究。他一直警告说，中国对美国技术的依赖很危险。
Yet in December, the 74-year-old former military engineer, one of China's top-ranking cyberofficials, quietly started working with a company synonymous with American technological prowess: IBM. Shen's task is to help a little-known Chinese company absorb and build upon key technologies licensed by IBM, according to a statement posted on a Beijing government website.
然而，在去年12月，这位74岁的前军方工程师、中国最高级别的网络官员之一，悄然开始与一家代表美国科技实力的公司展开合作。这家公司就是IBM。北京市政府网站上的一个声明显示，沈昌祥的任务是帮助一家名不见经传的中国公司吸收和借鉴IBM授权的关键技术。

In the past 16 months, IBM has agreed — and received permission under U.S. export laws — to provide the Beijing company, Teamsun, with a partial blueprint of its higher-end servers and the software that runs on them, according to IBM announcements and filings from Teamsun. As the chief scientist overseeing the IBM project on behalf of the Chinese government, Shen is helping Teamsun — and, in turn, China — develop a full supply chain of computers and software atop IBM's technology.
IBM的声明和这家名为华胜天成的北京公司的备案资料显示，在过去16个月中，IBM已经同意——并根据美国出口法律获得了许可——为华胜天成提供高端服务器的部分蓝图以及在这些服务器上运行的软件。作为代表中国政府监管IBM项目的首席科学家，沈昌祥正在帮助华胜天成——也就是帮助中国——在IBM技术之上开发计算机和软件的完整供应链。
The goal is to create a domestic tech industry that in the long run will no longer need to buy U.S. products, thus avoiding security concerns.
其目标是打造中国本土的高科技产业，让中国在远期无需再购买美国的产品，以免安全之虞。
What IBM is doing in China is no different from what the company is doing elsewhere. Yet IBM's activities in China have become sensitive as they now run into efforts by the Obama administration to persuade Beijing to drop new measures requiring U.S. companies to hand over technology in exchange for market access.
IBM在中国做的事情，和该公司在其他地方做的并无二致。然而，IBM在中国的活动变得颇为敏感，因为北京有意出台一些要求美国公司用技术换取市场准入资格的新举措，而目前奥巴马政府正在努力说服北京放弃这些举措。
Critics say IBM is caving in to Chinese demands, placing short-term business gains ahead of longer-term political and trade issues. IBM's actions may spur other U.S. companies to break ranks and also submit to the new Chinese regulations, out of concern that IBM will get advantages by cooperating with the country.
批评人士说，IBM向中国的要求屈服，把短期业务的收益置于了长期的政治和贸易问题之上。看到IBM采取这样的行动，其他美国公司可能会担心它通过与中国合作占得优势，从而不再与其同行并肩作战，也向中国的新法规屈服。
“People do feel angry about what appears to be an accommodation with the Chinese,” said James A. Lewis, an analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. “And you have to kind of expect that, particularly at a time when you have the whole U.S. government ginned up to push the Chinese on this.”
“人们确实感到愤怒，因为这似乎是在纵容中国人，”政策机构国际战略研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)分析师詹姆斯·A·刘易斯(James A. Lewis)说。“你肯定也想得到会是那样，尤其是在这个关口，整个美国政府正在努力说服中国人的时候。”
IBM said it was simply being open with licensing technologies as part of a global program called Open Power. Open Power, which IBM initiated in 2013, has 120 members worldwide, including Google and Samsung Electronics. Fewer than 20 are from China, IBM said. The point of the program is to provide base technology that can be enhanced by licensees worldwide and spur global partnerships and business opportunities, the company added.
IBM表示，它不过是在根据其Open Power全球计划授权技术而已。IBM在2013年创立的Open Power计划在全球拥有120个成员，其中包括谷歌和三星。来自中国的成员不到20个，IBM说。该计划的重点一是提供基础技术，而全球各地获得授权的机构可以增强这些技术，二是推动全球合作伙伴关系和商业机会，该公司称。
“Our Open Power partners in China are getting access to the same technology that we make available to all Open Power members around the world,” Edward Barbini, a spokesman, wrote in an email. “We've been very transparent with all our stakeholders on this strategy, including the Obama administration, about our plans to expand both the Open Power community and IBM's technology partnerships around the world.”
“我们在中国的Open Power合作伙伴获得的技术，和我们提供给世界各地所有Open Power成员的技术是一样的，”IBM发言人爱德华·巴比尼(Edward Barbini)在电邮中写道。“关于我们有怎样的计划，来扩大Open Power社区以及IBM在世界各地的技术合作伙伴关系，我们对于包括奥巴马政府在内的所有利益相关者一直都非常透明。”
In a recent interview posted on Teamsun's website, Huang Hua, a vice president, said the company's new capabilities would help it better address security concerns of local Chinese companies. Calling a movement in China to replace crucial high-end technology from IBM, Oracle and EMC an “opportunity,” Huang said Teamsun's strategy to “absorb and then innovate” would enable it to eliminate the capability gap between Chinese and U.S. companies and create products that could replace those sold by firms in the United States.
在华胜天成网站上的一次近期采访中，副总裁黄华表示，该公司新获得的能力将帮助中国本土企业更好地解决安全问题。他说，中国替代来自IBM、甲骨文(Oracle)和EMC的关键高端技术的努力是一个“机会”，华胜天成的战略是“先吸收、再创新”，这可以缩小中国和美国公司在能力上的差距，并推出一些产品，来替代美国公司销售的产品。
Language about replacing IBM, Oracle and EMC was removed from the site after Teamsun and IBM were contacted for this article. Teamsun declined to be interviewed about the IBM project, and an assistant declined to make Shen available for comment.
在就这篇文章接触了华胜天成和IBM之后，关于替代IBM、甲骨文和EMC的词句就从该网站上被删除了。华胜天成拒绝就IBM项目接受采访。一个助理也拒绝联系沈昌祥对此事置评。
IBM declined to comment on Shen because he is not an IBM employee. A spokesman with the U.S. trade representative declined to comment on IBM's strategy in China.
IBM称沈昌祥非该公司员工，拒绝对他置评。美国贸易代表发言人拒绝就IBM在中国的策略置评。
IBM has many business projects in China. The company has also agreed to license the advanced chip technology that works as the brain of the servers to a separate Chinese company, Suzhou PowerCore. And IBM says it has spoken to clients about letting them build local encryption over its z13 mainframe computer, which could help in China, where a proposed anti-terror law requires domestic companies to provide encryption keys or use local Chinese encryption standards.
IBM在中国开展了很多商业项目。该公司还同意将其先进的芯片技术授权给另一家中国公司，苏州的中晟宏芯，而这种芯片可谓服务器的大脑。IBM表示已经和客户谈过，让他们为z13大型机创建中国本土的加密方式。在中国，这样做可能带来好处，因为该国拟议的反恐法律要求国内公司提供加密密钥，或使用中国本土的加密标准。
IBM's cooperation with Teamsun and Suzhou PowerCore through Open Power is part of the company's strategic shift away from its traditional hardware, software and services businesses to new cloud, data and mobile offerings. IBM, which reports quarterly earnings on Monday, has been grappling with declining revenue as it makes that transition.
IBM通过Open Power与华胜天成和中晟宏芯展开的合作，是它从传统硬件、软件和服务业务战略转移到新兴的云、数据和移动服务的一部分。该公司在这个过渡中面临着艰难的营收下滑问题。IBM会在周一公布上季度财报。
Both the server and chip technology IBM is licensing in China are widely used by banks in the country. In the fourth quarter, IBM generated $4.9 billion in revenue, or 20 percent of the total, from Asia; it does not break out China sales.
IBM在中国授权的服务器和芯片技术，在中国的银行系统被广泛使用。去年第四季度，IBM从亚洲获得了49亿美元的营收，占其总营收的20%；该公司没有公布中国的具体销售额。
“You have Chinese policy interests, U.S. policy interests and IBM policy interests; realistically, your hope of aligning these is not all that high,” said Willy C. Shih, a professor of technology and operations management at Harvard Business School. “I think it's a tough call for IBM.”
“你面临着中国的政策利益、美国的政策利益和IBM的政策利益；现实地说，让这些利益协调一致的希望并不大，“哈佛商学院技术和运营管理教授史兆威(Willy C. Shih)说。“我认为对于IBM而言，这是个困难的决定。”
While Beijing has long pushed indigenous innovation policies designed to foster a domestic tech industry, the disclosures in 2013 of online spying efforts by the United States made by the former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden gave the more hawkish officials in China the evidence they needed to expedite plans to wean sensitive industries, like banking and energy, off foreign technology.
长期以来，北京一直推进自主创新政策，以图促进国内的高新技术产业。在2013年，美国前国家安全局承包商雇员爱德华·斯诺登(Edward Snowden)在网上披露了美国的监控活动之后，中国的强硬派官员由此获得了他们需要的证据，来加快步伐，以停止银行、能源等敏感行业对国外技术的依赖。
One new Chinese law, which called for disclosure of source code of products sold to banks, was suspended by the government this month. But analysts say Beijing is likely to continue making similar demands in different ways.
中国的一项新法律要求披露出售给银行的产品的源代码，本月被政府暂缓实施。但分析师说，北京很可能继续以不同的方式提出类似要求。
Shen has been thinking about pushing U.S. tech companies out of China for a while. In 2009, he warned of global communications surveillance by the United States in an essay posted on the website of China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
一段时间以来，沈昌祥一直在思考将美国高科技公司挤出中国的方法。2009年，他在中国工业部和信息化部网站上发布的一篇文章警告称，美国在对全球通信进行监视。
In a speech in September at the China Internet Security Conference in Beijing, Shen said expansion of the U.S. military's online attack and defense capabilities made the Internet the fifth strategic front for the United States, after land, air, ocean and space.
去年9月，在北京中国互联网安全大会上的一个演讲中，沈昌祥表示，美军在网络攻击和防御上能力的增强，使得互联网已经成为美国在陆海空天之后的第五大主权领域空间。
He added, according to state-run media, “That poses a severe challenge to the cybersecurity of China, and we should actively respond, accelerate the building of our cybersecure system and safeguard our cybersecurity and state sovereignty.”
官方媒体资料显示，他还说，“对我国的网络安全提出了严峻的挑战，应该积极应对，加快建设网络安全的保障体系，捍卫网络安全的空间和国家主权。”