TPO16,17,18本章节列举的是常见的推断题错误题型，希望同学们完成之后做好归类和思路规整；同样要求先做题再看解析；TPO19 是一道常错句子简化题，要求大家看明白解析的内容，举一反三，用简单思路完成复杂句子简化题，并且做到使这道题每次见到必然秒杀；TPO20常错在两个选项的纠结上，要求大家会灵活用好“排除”这个强大武器。祝大家进步！
TPO16
第一篇 Development of the Periodic Table
6. 常错为A，错误原因：定位的是这一句Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance of the "isotopes" or varieties of each element。这个题也极其容易选择B项，因为B 含有与原文due to 一致的词isotopes，但仔细阅读发现说他们没有,这是原文没有表达出来的意思，排除。在这种情况下，我们就不能根据因果关系下手了。
Paragraph 2: When the German chemist Lothar Meyer and (independently) the Russian Dmitry Mendeleyev first introduced the periodic table in 1869-70, one-third of the naturally occurring chemical elements had not yet been discovered. Because there is no space in the periodic table between these two elements, Mendeleyev suggested that the atomic mass of indium be changed to a completely different value, where it would fill an empty space between cadmium and tin. In fact, subsequent work has shown that in a periodic table, elements should not be ordered strictly by atomic mass. For example, tellurium comes before iodine in the periodic table, even though its atomic mass is slightly greater. Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance of the "isotopes" or varieties of each element. All the isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, but differ in their number of neutrons, and hence in their atomic mass. The isotopes of a given element have the same chemical properties but slightly different physical properties. We now know that atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), not atomic mass number (the number of protons and neutrons), determines chemical behavior.

6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that tellurium comes before iodine in the periodic table even though tellurium's atomic mass is slightly greater because (4)
○iodine is less common than tellurium
○both iodine and tellurium have no isotopes
○the chemical behavior of tellurium is highly variable
○the atomic number of tellurium is smaller than that of iodine

这个题是个推断题。原词定位：定位后最在位置是在for example 之后，我们下意识的看前面的主旨部分：elements should not be ordered strictly by atomic mass.也就是说不能按照mass排列，根据这句话我们往后找，不按照mass按照什么，找到最后一句否定mass的一句：We now know that atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), not atomic mass number (the number of protons and neutrons), determines chemical behavior.我们肯定了number，必然是这个词的关系，选与这个词有关的选项，D：t的number小于i。所以在前面。照应题目。

TPO17
第二篇Animal Signals in the Rain Forest

9. 常错选B
Paragraph 4: Very little light filters through the canopy of leaves and branches in a rain forest to reach ground level—or close to the ground—and at those levels the yellow-to-green wavelengths predominate. A signal might be most easily seen if it is maximally bright.

9. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about yellow and green colors compared with red and orange colors at the bottom of the forest?（3）
○Yellow and green are better colors for signaling than red and orange colors.
○Orange and red are brighter colors than yellow and green.
○Yellow and green are likely to be more common in the background than red and orange.
○Orange and red colors do not contrast as well with the forest floor as yellow and green do.

直接定位到and at those levels the yellow-to-green wavelengths predominate.这个题目的简单之处在于：predominate，就是主要的，题目中的“相比于其他”就不需要再找了，直接找more 多 than anything else 之类描述即可。本题属于推断题目中明推---正推。

第三篇 Symbiotic Relationship
1． 常错选B
Paragraph 1: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1? （3）
○It excludes interactions between more than two species.
○It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.
○Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
○Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
这个很简单：定位原文是第三行的commensalism，后文是接着说一盒三中是KEY factor，说明是主要的；而这个题是个推断题，必然是中间那种是不主要的。所以选C,重要性-小。本题属于推断题目中明推----反推。

TPO18
第三篇 Lightning
10. 常错选D
Paragraph 5: The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.
10.Which of the following claims about lightning strikes can be inferred from paragraph 5?(3)
○ During a lightning strike the diameter of the channel the electrons follow is considerably enlarged beyond a few centimeters.
○ A building is unlikely to be hit by lightning unless it is at least 100 meters tall.
○ A building is hit by a lightning strike because the building itself has first determined the path the lightening then takes to it.
○ The light of a lightning strike first appears at the point where the streams of negative and positive particles meet.

解析：直接定位strike，定位句子的主干为：这就是为什么闪电打击高建筑，很容易识别。我们看上句必然是why的解释：主干为：（遇上了来自云的）正电常常来自于高尖建筑比如…;肯定推理出来的结果是和高建筑有关，定位答案BC;B的表达带有unlikely to be hit，否了，与原文often strikes a tall structure违背；最后看C ,刚好也有我们需要的原因，两点定位，直选。本题属于推断题中的明推类型，比较简单。

TPO19
第二篇 SUCCESSION, CLIMAX, AND ECOSYSTEMS
11.常错选的A
With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (4)
O Unlike the terms “climax”, “biome,” and “superorganism,” which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term “ecosystem” refers specifically to the physical factors within an environment.
O The terms “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others.
O When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular and more widely used term “ecosystem.”
O The term “ecosystem” gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in it.

看似复杂的句子简化题，我们可以利用其中我们熟悉并且可以驾驭的“点”来做。
大句子结构是with..(+各种看不懂)，the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for。。。，就是“伴随着。。。，这个词语被广泛接受，原因是…;”先找ABCD中有ecosystem被接受的选项：CD; A 是“ecosystem” refers specifically to：ecosystem指的是，动词变了；B “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to,扯到一起说了；C靠谱；D ecosystem” gradually replaced，它代替了什么什么，也能用；选定CD;再找关键点：for。表原因，原句跟的原因关键词是 for 系统，环境之类；直接定到D 就可以了。句子简化的巧做可以省下很多脑细胞，毕竟之后还有听力的部分。

TPO20
第一篇 Westward migration
2．常错选D
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main,。。。。。 "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

2.What is the purpose of the statement, “Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there”?(3)
O To illustrate that generally population shifts occur rapidly
O To correct a mistaken impression of American agriculture from 1810 to 1840
O To emphasize the range and speed with which the westward migration occurred
O To demonstrated how attractive the Appalachian Mountains were to Americans

容易错选A D
解析：两个年代明显说 人数增加了，由七分之一到三分之一，往前找，great move ，peak顶峰，都是在说人口迁移量大。D项的 关键修饰成分attractive 未出现，这个题目也不是推断题，明显是purpose目的题，排。很多同学在A 和C之间纠结，都有速度问题rapidly和spees，区别在于C的range 规模和 A 的generally 普遍意义上的人口转变发生得快；错就错在A 的这个generally shifts上。人口总数是不变的，这里明显强调的是迁移人口的多和快。

最后希望大家在做题过程中一定要对各种功能词敏感，这常常会使我们事半功倍，更有目标性的预测答案。