III. Promoting Economic and Social Development

三、促进经济社会发展

China has actively helped other developing countries in infrastructure construction, and assisted their efforts in strengthening capacity building and trade development. China has also increased the amount of foreign assistance in environmental protection, helping the recipient countries realize economic and social development.
中国积极帮助其他发展中国家建设基础设施，加强能力建设和贸易发展，加大对环境保护领域的援助投入，帮助受援国实现经济社会发展。
1. Improving Infrastructure
（一）改善基础设施
In light of the economic development of different countries, China arranges grants (aid gratis), interest-free loans and concessional loans in a well-proportioned manner to help recipient countries with the much needed infrastructure construction. From 2010 to 2012, China helped build 156 economic infrastructure projects. Exploring its advantages in technology, equipment and materials, and human resources, China effectively cut down investment costs for these projects while ensuring quality.
中国根据不同国家经济发展条件，合理安排无偿援助、无息贷款资金，发挥优惠贷款融资优势，帮助受援国建设有迫切需求的基础设施项目。2010年至2012年，中国对外援建了156个经济基础设施项目。中国发挥在技术、设备材料和人力资源等方面优势，在确保工程质量的同时，有效降低了项目投资成本。
Supporting development of transport system. During the three-year period, China assisted the construction of over 70 transport projects, including roads, bridges, airports and ports. For example, China helped build the third section of the Sika Highway that connects Kenya’s capital Nairobi to its economic hub Sika, thus making a contribution to the road network that links up Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania. Sri Lanka’s Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport, built with Chinese assistance, further improves the country’s all-dimensional transport network, and plays a positive role in promoting links and communication between Sri Lanka and its neighboring areas.
支持交通运输建设。中国援建了70余个交通运输项目，包括公路、桥梁、机场、港口等。中国援建的肯尼亚西卡高速公路第三标段，使首都内罗毕到经济重镇西卡全线贯通，为肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、坦桑尼亚等国实现互联互通作出了贡献。中国援建的斯里兰卡汉班托塔国际机场进一步完善了该国立体化交通网络，对提升该国与周边地区的交往和联系发挥了积极作用。
Increasing energy supply capacity. China assisted the construction of more than 20 energy projects, including hydropower stations, thermal power plants, power transmission, transformation and distribution grids, and geothermal drilling projects. The Bui Hydropower Station built by China in Ghana boasts the capacity of hydroelectricity generation, farmland irrigation, fisheries development and local tourism. Its completion has not only powered economic and social development in Ghana, but also benefited other areas in Western Africa. The China-assisted power transmission, transformation and distribution grids in Dakar, Senegal now provide power to 150,000 local residents, effectively ensuring power supply to the city, which had been troubled by its ageing grid and sudden blackouts until recently.
提升能源供给能力。中国援建了20余个能源项目，包括水电站、热电站、输变电和配电网、地热钻井工程等。中国援建的加纳布维水电站具备水力发电、农业灌溉、渔业发展和观光旅游等多重功能，建成后不仅直接促进加纳经济社会发展，而且惠及西部非洲更广阔的地区。中国援塞内加尔达喀尔市输变电和配电网项目覆盖15万居民，有效解决了该市电网设备老化、经常性大面积停电的问题。
Promoting the development of information-based societies. China assisted the building of over 60 IT-related projects, including optical cable telecommunication networks, e-government websites, and radio and television frequency modulation transmitters. The telecommunication projects assisted by China in Turkmenistan, Togo and Eritrea provide high-quality and steady telecommunication systems to these countries, and the number of users has grown exponentially. The optical cable transmission networks assisted by China in Cameroon and Tanzania have effectively promoted the application of fiber cables in African nations.
推动信息化社会发展。中国援建了60余个信息化项目，包括光缆电信传输网、电子政务网以及广播电视调频发射台等。中国在土库曼斯坦、多哥、厄立特里亚等国援建的电信项目，为上述国家提供了高质量稳定的通信系统，使用户容量成倍增长。中国在喀麦隆、坦桑尼亚等国援建的光纤骨干传输网项目，有效促进光缆在非洲国家的广泛应用。
2. Strengthening Capacity Building
（二）加强能力建设
Believing in the ancient Chinese wisdom that “teaching one to fish rather than giving one fish,” China shares its experience and technology with other developing countries through human resources and technical cooperation, as well as through volunteer service, to help other developing countries build their own professional teams and enhance their capacity for independent development.
中国坚持“授人以渔”的援助理念，通过人力资源开发合作、技术合作、志愿者服务等方式，与其他发展中国家分享发展经验和实用技术，帮助发展中国家培养人才，增强自主发展的造血功能。
Fast development in human resources cooperation. From 2010 to 2012, China held 1,579 seminars for foreign officials, inviting nearly 40,000 officials from the governments of other developing countries to China. The topics of the seminars covered economics and management, multilateral trade negotiation, politics and diplomacy, public administration, vocational education, and non-governmental organizations. China also held 357 training sessions for about 10,000 technical personnel from other developing countries in the areas of agriculture, health care, telecommunications, industry, environmental protection, disaster relief and prevention, and culture and sports. To help other developing countries improve the ability of their senior management personnel in the public sector, China organized, during the three years, 15 on-the-job academic education programs. Master’s degrees in public administration, education, international relations and international media were granted to 359 officials from 75 developing countries.
人力资源开发合作发展迅速。2010年至2012年，中国共举办1579期官员研修班。中国邀请其他发展中国家政府部门近4万名官员来华研修，内容涉及经济管理、多边贸易谈判、政治外交、公共行政、职业教育、非政府组织等。中国举办技术人员培训班357期，为其他发展中国家培训技术人员近万名，涵盖农业、卫生、信息通讯、工业、环境保护、救灾防灾、文化体育等领域。为满足其他发展中国家提升公共部门中高级管理人员能力的需要，三年中，中国举办了15期在职学历教育项目，来自75个发展中国家的359名政府官员分别获得公共管理、教育、国际关系以及国际传媒硕士学位。
Extensive technical cooperation. During the three-year period, China sent over 2,000 experts to more than 50 countries to conduct technical cooperation, transfer applicable technique, and help improve these countries’ technical management capacity in agriculture, handcrafts, radio and television, clean energy, and culture and sports. China also dispatched senior planning and consulting experts to other developing countries to help with the planning of land exploitation, clean energy utilization, river regulation, and economic cooperation. In a technical cooperation program, Chinese experts taught 500 Liberians to weave bamboo and rattan into marketable products. This program has not only created jobs, brought the locals more income and lifted them out of poverty, but also boosted the bamboo and rattan industry in the country.
技术合作广泛开展。三年中，中国向50多个国家派遣2000多名各类专家，在农业、手工艺、广播电视、清洁能源、文化体育等领域广泛开展技术合作，转让适用技术，提高受援国技术管理水平。中国派出高级规划咨询专家，与其他发展中国家共同制定土地开发利用、清洁能源利用、河流治理以及经济合作等规划。中国专家在利比里亚开展竹藤编技术合作，向当地近500人传授竹藤编织技能，不仅有助于当地民众增加收入、扩大就业、摆脱贫困，也促进了利比里亚竹藤产业的发展。
The active role of volunteers. China continued to send volunteers to other developing countries to provide services in language teaching, physical education, computer training, traditional Chinese medicine treatment, agricultural technology, art training, industrial technology, social development and international relief for schools, hospitals, government agencies, farms, and research institutes. A Chinese volunteer to Liberia successfully rescued a newborn with gastroschisis, and was awarded the African Star medal. Volunteers to Ethiopia improved the planting method for melons, and local fruit farmers harvested much more than usual that year; the volunteers also taught the locals to build biogas pits so that they could use clean energy more efficiently.
志愿者服务发挥积极作用。中国继续向其他发展中国家派遣志愿者，服务领域涉及语言教学、体育教学、计算机培训、中医诊治、农业科技、艺术培训、工业技术、社会发展、国际救援等，服务对象包括学校、医院、政府机关、农场、科研院所等。援利比里亚志愿者成功救治严重腹裂畸形新生儿，获得“非洲之星”勋章。援埃塞俄比亚志愿者改良甜瓜种植法，当年使果农获得大丰收；志愿者传授的沼气池修建方法，帮助当地民众有效利用清洁能源。
3. Promoting Trade Development
（三）促进贸易发展
As an active response to the WTO’s Aid for Trade initiative, China strengthened its assistance in infrastructure construction and production capacity building for other developing countries. China also stepped up zero tariff treatment to these countries, supported their involvement in the multilateral trading system, and provided training for their economic and trade professionals so as to promote the trade development of these countries.
中国积极响应世界贸易组织“促贸援助”倡议，通过加强基础设施建设、提高生产能力、给予零关税待遇、支持参与多边贸易体制、培训经贸人才等，促进其他发展中国家的贸易发展。
Improving trade-related infrastructure. During the three-year period, China assisted the construction of 90 large and medium-sized, trade-related infrastructure projects, effectively improving transportation for foreign trade in the recipient countries and reinforcing their connectivity with other areas. China also provided commodity inspection equipment, transport vehicles and other trade-related supplies and equipment to other developing countries. For example, it provided container inspection equipment to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Ethiopia, Egypt, Chad, Cape Verde, Zambia and Serbia, which has helped these countries improve their commodity inspection capacity and customs clearance ability, as well as effectively combat against smuggling.
改善与贸易有关的基础设施。三年中，中国援建与贸易有关的大中型基础设施项目约90个，有效改善了受援国贸易运输条件，扩大了与其他地区的互联互通。中国积极提供商品检测设备、交通运输工具等与贸易相关的物资设备，如向柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、埃塞俄比亚、埃及、乍得、佛得角、赞比亚、塞尔维亚等国提供集装箱检测设备，为提升上述国家贸易产品检验水平和通关能力、有效打击走私行为发挥了重要作用。
Improving trade-related production capacity. China assisted the construction of a number of trade-related production programs, which have helped improve to a certain degree the production capacity of the recipient countries, so that they can better meet the needs of the market and improve the import-export mix. In December 2011, during the eighth ministerial conference of the WTO, China reached agreement with Benin, Mali, Chad and Burkina Faso – the Cotton-4 countries – on a cooperation program in which China provides cotton seeds, farm machinery and fertilizers, shares planting technologies, provides training, and supports local companies for technological upgrading and the expansion of industrial chain, so as to promote the development of the four countries’ cotton industries and foreign trade.
提高与贸易有关的生产能力。中国援建一批与贸易相关的生产性项目，在一定程度上提高受援国相关产业的生产能力，满足市场需求，优化进出口商品结构。2011年12月，中国在世界贸易组织第八届部长级会议期间，与贝宁、马里、乍得和布基纳法索“棉花四国”达成合作共识，通过提供优良棉种、农机、肥料，推广种植技术，开展人员培训，支持企业技术升级和产业链拓展，促进四国棉花产业和贸易发展。
Promoting export to China. In an effort to effectively boost export to China from other developing countries, in 2005 China decided to offer zero tariff treatment on taxable items in 190 categories to 25 least developed countries in Africa, and further expanded the scope of the treatment in the following years. In November 2011, then Chinese President Hu Jintao announced that China would offer zero tariff treatment to 97 percent of the taxable items from the least developed countries that had established diplomatic relations with China. By the end of 2012, commodities in nearly 5,000 taxable categories exported to China from the least developed countries were enjoying zero tariff treatment. Since 2008, China has been the largest export market of the least developed countries for five consecutive years, buying 23 percent of these countries’ exported commodities.
促进对华产品出口。为有效推动发展中国家对华产品出口，2005年，中国首度对非洲25个最不发达国家190个税目的商品实施零关税，之后不断扩大零关税待遇受惠面。2011年11月，中国国家领导人在二十国集团戛纳峰会上宣布,将对与中国建交的最不发达国家97%税目的产品给予零关税待遇。到2012年底，最不发达国家对华出口近5000个税目商品已享受零关税待遇。2008年以来，中国已连续五年成为最不发达国家第一大出口市场，吸收最不发达国家约23%的产品出口。
Supporting the least developed countries in joining the multilateral trading system. China is an active participator of the WTO’s Aid for Trade initiative. From 2008 to 2010, China made annual donation of 200,000 U.S. dollars to the program, and has increased the sum to 400,000 U.S. dollars since 2011. The donations are used to set up the China Program for Assisting the Least Developed Countries’ Accession to the WTO, hold related seminars on accession to the WTO for these countries, finance their personnel to attend important WTO meetings and do internship at the organization’s Secretariat.
支持最不发达国家参与多边贸易体制。中国是世界贸易组织“促贸援助”倡议工作组机制的积极参与者。2008年至2010年，中国每年向世界贸易组织“促贸援助”项目捐款20万美元，2011年后提升至每年40万美元。中国利用上述捐款设立“最不发达国家加入世贸组织中国项目”，为最不发达国家举办加入世界贸易组织的相关研讨会，资助最不发达国家人员参加世界贸易组织重要会议和到世界贸易组织秘书处实习。
From 2010 to 2012, China held 18 seminars on promoting trade facilitation and WTO accession, sharing its experience with over 400 government officials from other developing countries.
2010年至2012年，中国以促进贸易便利化及加入世界贸易组织为主题，举办了18期研修班，与发展中国家400余名政府官员分享经验。
4. Strengthening Environmental Protection
（四）加强环境保护
At the UN conferences on climate change held in Cancun, Durban and Doha, China shared its experience in energy conservation and emission reduction, and also pledged to increase assistance in the environment sector to the least developed countries, small island countries and African countries, in a move to help them develop clean energy and improve their capacity in addressing climate change.
在坎昆、德班以及多哈举办的联合国气候变化大会上，中国在分享国内节能减排经验的同时，承诺对最不发达国家、小岛屿国家及非洲国家加大环保领域的援助投入，帮助其发展清洁能源，提高应对气候变化的能力。
Assisting construction projects. China actively cooperates with other developing countries in the areas of clean energy, environmental protection, flood control and draught relief, water resources management, sustainable development of forestry, water and soil conservation, and meteorological information service. In the three years, China undertook 64 projects in 58 developing countries on the utilization of renewable energy resources, such as solar streetlamps and solar power generators.
援建项目。中国在清洁能源、环境保护、防涝抗旱、水资源利用、森林可持续发展、水土保持、气象信息服务等领域，积极开展与其他发展中国家的合作。三年中，中国为58个发展中国家援建了太阳能路灯、太阳能发电等可再生能源利用项目64个。
Providing materials. From 2010 to 2012, China provided a total of 16 batches of equipment and supplies for environmental protection to 13 developing countries, such as Cambodia, Myanmar, Ethiopia, South Sudan and the Federated States of Micronesia, and the supplies included wind and solar power generators and lighting equipment, portable solar power supply, biogas equipment, garbage collection trucks, and draining and irrigation equipment. Meanwhile, China proactively promoted South-South cooperation on addressing climate change, and signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Complimentary Supplies for Addressing Climate Change with nine countries: Grenada, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Benin, Maldives, Cameroon, Burundi and Samoa. Under the framework, China donated more than 500,000 energy-efficient lamps and 10,000 energy-efficient air conditioners to these countries.
提供物资。2010年至2012年，中国向柬埔寨、缅甸、埃塞俄比亚、南苏丹、密克罗尼西亚等13个发展中国家援助了16批环境保护所需的设备和物资，包括风能和太阳能发电及照明设备、太阳能移动电源、沼气设备、垃圾车、排水灌溉设施等。中国积极推动应对气候变化南南合作，与格林纳达、埃塞俄比亚、马达加斯加、尼日利亚、贝宁、马尔代夫、喀麦隆、布隆迪、萨摩亚等9个国家签订了《关于应对气候变化物资赠送的谅解备忘录》，共向相关国家赠送节能灯50多万盏，节能空调1万多台。
Providing assistance in capacity building. During the three years, China carried out technical cooperation with countries like Ethiopia, Burundi and Sudan, and helped these countries improve their utilization and management of solar power, hydro power and other clean energy. China also organized 150 training sessions on environmental protection and addressing climate change for over 120 developing countries, providing training to over 4,000 officials and technical personnel in such areas as low-carbon industry development and energy policies, ecological protection, water resources management and water and soil conservation, renewable energy exploitation and utilization, forestry management and desertification prevention and control, and early warning of meteorological disasters.
开展能力建设。三年中，中国与埃塞俄比亚、布隆迪、苏丹等国开展技术合作，促进了上述国家太阳能、水力等清洁能源利用及管理水平的提高。中国为120多个发展中国家举办了150期环境保护和应对气候变化培训班，培训官员和技术人员4000多名，培训领域包括低碳产业发展与能源政策、生态保护、水资源管理与水土保持、可再生能源开发利用、林业管理和防沙治沙、气象灾害早期预警等。