翻译真题

The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.

Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages ,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

真题解析
解析：
(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
结构分析：
主句The Greeks // assumed // 宾语从句that 从句的主句the structure of / language // had some connection with // the process of / thought, // 定语从句which // took root in Europe // 时间状语从句long before // people // realized // 宾语从句how diverse // languages // could be.
词义推敲：
The Greeks：希腊人
assume：认为，假设，假定，承担
have connection with：与……有关系
the process of thought思想的过程；思维过程
which：指代前面整句，译作“这个观点”。
took rootin生根；扎根
long before 早在…之前
how diverse 多么的不同；多么的千差万别
diverse：多种多样的，不同的
参考译文：
希腊人（认为/以为），语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。（这种想法/这一观点），（早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了/在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根）。
得分重点：
宾语从句，定语从句，时间状语从句

(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
结构分析：
主句We // are obliged to // them // 原因状语从句 because // some of / these languages // have since vanished, // 原因状语从句as // the peoples // 定语从句who // spoke // them // 并列结构1 died out / or 并列结构2 被动结构became assimilated // and lost // their native languages.
词义推敲：
be obliged to sb. 感激某人
them：指代“Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers”，译作“两位先驱”或者“他们”。
have since vanished从那以后就消失了，不复存在了
since 表示 “从此以后”之意
vanish：disappear消失
die out 灭绝
assimilate：吸收，同化
native languages 母语，本民族的语言
参考译文：
我们之所以（感激/感谢）他们（两位先驱），是因为从此以后，这些（土著）语言中(的一部分/有一些）（消失/已经不复存在）了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了（自己/本族）的语言。
得分重点：
原因状语从句，定语从句，并列结构，被动结构

(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
结构分析：
主句The 前置定语newly described languages // were // 状语结构often // so strikingly different from // 多重定语the well studied languages / of Europe and Southeast Asia // 结果状语从句that some scholars // even accused Boas and Sapir of // fabricating // their data.
词义推敲：
newly described langauges 新描述、研究的语言
so ... that … 如此…以至于
strikingly different显著的不同
striking：显著的，突出的
the well studied languages经过充分研究的各种语言
accused sb. of sth. 指责／谴责某人作了某事
Boas and Sapir：（人类学语言学家）博厄斯和萨培尔，译作“博厄斯（Boas）和萨培尔（Sapir）”。
fabricating捏造, 伪造, 虚构
参考译文：
这些新近被描述的各种语言与（经过/得到）充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言（是如此的显著的不同/往往差别显著/惊人的差异/很大的不同），以至于一些学者甚至指责（博厄斯/Boas）和（萨培尔/Sapir）（编造/制造/捏造）了（他们的）资料。
得分重点：
结果状语从句，固定短语

(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
结构分析：
原因状语Being interested in / the relationship of / language and thought, // 主句Whorf // developed // the idea // 同位语从句that the structure of language // determines // the structure of habitual thought // in a society.
词义推敲：
being interested in …应增加逻辑主语——Whorf，我们可以翻译为“Whorf对语思维的关系很感兴趣”
Whorf：人名，译作“沃尔夫”，或者不译。
develop与idea搭配，不宜译作“发展”，而译为“形成观点”
habitual thought 应译作 “习惯思维”
that：引导同位语从句可以译作“即”，“那就是”，或者用冒号、破折号代替。
the structure of habitual thought：习惯思维结构、模式
参考译文：
Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种（观念/观点）：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维结构。
得分重点：
同位语从句，现在分词结构

(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
结构分析：
主句Whorf // came to / believe in // a sort of / linguistic determinism // 定语从句 从句的主语which, // 插入结构in // its strongest form, // 谓语states // 宾语从句 并列结构1 that language // imprisons // the mind, // 并列结构2 and that the grammatical patterns / in a language // can produce // far-reaching consequences for / the culture of / a society.
词义推敲：
come to believe开始相信
come to：开始做，碰巧做
a sort of：一种，某种
linguistic determinism语言决定论
linguistic：语言的，语言学的
determinism：…论，…主义
in its strongest form在其最强烈的形式下，其极端形式
imprison the mind禁锢思维
参考译文：
Whorf/沃尔夫（逐渐接受/进而相信）某种（类似）语言决定论的观点；这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
得分重点：
定语从句，宾语从句，插入结构，并列结构

全文译文

许多世纪以来哲学家一直对语言与思维的关系颇感兴趣。（61）希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。直到最近语言学家才开始认真研究与自己的母语截然不同的语言。两位人类学家、语言学家佛朗茨•博厄斯和爱德华•萨皮尔在二十世纪上半叶描述了北美和南美许多土著语言，在这方面他们堪称先驱。（62）我们之所以感激他们（两位无驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。不过，在该世纪早期其他语言学家并不那么热心处理“异域”语言中的怪异数据，因此他们常不被人们所称道。（63）这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。美洲土著语言的确十分特异，纳瓦霍语实际上在二战中可以被美军用作密码发密码电报。

萨皮尔的学生本杰明•李•沃夫继续研究美洲印第安人的语言。（64）沃夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。他论述说，某一特定语言中比较容易形成某些特定概念，但与此有别的其他概念则不易形成，因此该语言的使用者思考问题只会沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行。（65）沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。后来，这种观点成为了知名的萨皮尔—沃夫假说，不过这个术语有点不妥。虽然萨皮尔和沃夫都强调各种语言之间的差异性，但萨皮尔自己从来没有明确地表示过支持语言决定论的观念。