1. 女性政治运动

　　【V1】

　　关于女性政治运动的。历史上有个人参加了很多社区活动，作出了很多贡献，包括教育、新闻出版、XX Agent、racial organization。但是由于当时给“political activity”的定义比较局限，仅限于跟选票或者政治工作相关(这个忘了)。所以这位女同志的行为不能称为政治运动。 后来就是给政治运动重新定义，然后这些活动就得到平反。

　　【题目】有个细节题，考的是哪个活动是这个女同志没有做过的，答案就是除了以上给出的教育，新闻出版，XX Agent和racial organization之外的那个，好像是court of law.

　　【考古待确定…】

　　V1.

　　B女士很多功绩被认可。但她作为民权(or女权)的努力没得到recognize，因为以前对政治运动家的定义是在此类机构工作。近年开始一些女权主义者建议重新定义政治运动家云云.

　　V2:

　　另一篇，是讲得关于女权的，关键词是feminist historian redefinit political activity好像是，就是讲得一个女权主义者做了很多事情，但是一直没有被大家认为是政治家，就说原因是学者对political activity的定义，说原来是要参加major voting什么的，....blblalba

　　V3:

　　P1：好像是黑人妇女(忘了是不是黑人了……)争取Justice做了很多工作，包括government.., articles, schools…做了很多，此处有道题问哪一项不是她做的，卤煮选了law。。。但她做了这么多却不被历史学家认可，因为gender问题，还有一个什么来着忘了( ⊙ o ⊙ )(此处有考题)

　　P2：后来很多女性也开始开展活动……唉这篇做的好残，后来第二段差不多都忘了。

　　V4：

　　有一篇就是那个黑人妇女，说B那个人虽然有很多功绩，但是她为女权的努力一直没有得到认可、这是因为过去政治家定义政治运动必须是在此类机构中工作的人才能领导的。 第二段是说近年来女权主义者建议重新定义政治运动家。认为一个人只要对人类有贡献的，推动人权发展的就可以被认为是政治家.. 之后有四道题，有一个题目是问B女士属于下面哪个类型的..好像有个选项是说她是没有创立任何政党的政治家。好像这个选项是对的..

　　V6：

　　第二个是Bethune，那个女权的，说她做了一大堆什么贡献，但是没有被当做political leader，因为传统观念里political leader是选举出来的政府组织里的人。后来第二段说很多feminist historian发现这个定义不对，又重新定义了，之后Bethune就被认为是political leader了。几乎是jj里那篇英文的变体。问了一个稳重提到feminist historian的目的是什么，选项忘了…………sorry

　　V7：

　　有一名黑人妇女在1800后期到1900年之间非常活跃的参加了很多争取黑人和妇女权益的活动，其中包括组建学校，参与政府机关的工作等等。可是她的这些 “政治”活动并没有得到当时的认可，因为那时候对“政治”的定义有很多的歧视。这一现象到后来许多女权历史学家和政治家开始出现的时候才有了改变，他们对 “政治行为”重新定义了，并认可了这个黑人妇女的杰出贡献。

　　V8：

　　两段，就是JJ上的原文。第一段是传统的定义，第二段讲新的定义。

　　Q1 作者可能同意以下哪个? B从来没有被elected为美国政府人员。剩下的答案不是文章里面没有提到就是作者反对的。 Q2 哪件B没有做过，我找了下文章里面没有出现“education, government, and women's associations”的原话，但是有其他事情可以说明她做了这些(第一段)，所以选了剩下的court law那个 Q3有一题比较搞，问的是下面哪像可以strengthen that B不被historian认为是political leader 答案记得有几个是单独feminine historianxxxx的，这些我都没有选，觉得和第一个理论没有关系。 我选的是historian之后承认B的political leader的地位是feminine historian带来的。

　　V9：

　　Bethurne作为政治活动家身份不被认同，后来女权主义者提出重新定义政治活动的那篇。考了一个下列哪一个B女士没有做的，我貌似选了跟court law之类的相关的一个选项，看来看去没看到她跟law什么的有关...

　　V10：

　　这篇反反复复都是围绕某一句话的提问，就是关于学者对于政治活动的定义的那部分，然后就是为什么这些学者不认为她是政治家?作者支持什么之类等等，反复在这里绕。考了一个文中没有提到这个女士参与到哪个活动中。我选了有law的，这题非常确定。

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　　V11

　　第二篇又是JJ有原文的!狗主真是运气太好了!Bethune女权。不过题目比较麻烦，特别是主旨题，每个选项都有三行!句子比较复杂，中间夹杂着修饰语，狗主看了好一会，才确认选A，中间有个插入语，based on....还有问提到feminist historian干什么?还有个题目问后来的女权运动家什么，是选妇女不用参加政府组织，仔细排除选项中有文中提到过的词但是没这个意思的。

考古：黑人妇女【原文—确定原文改动】

　　In many ways, Mary Jane McLeod Bethune's life was representative of the lives of many African American women of her time: she was deeply grounded in religion and family, and intensely committed to racial advancement. Yet, Bethune became one of the most important African American women in American political history. She came to occupy a prominent place among a select group of black men and women designated as “race leaders”—men and women who devoted their lives to advancing African American equality. They became the public voice of the voiceless masses, speaking of the collective identity of people of color and arguing for equal social, economic, and political rights. Bethune was certainly a pivotal member of this group as her efforts advanced equal opportunity for black Americans on all levels for nearly half a century. Yet, Bethune distinguished herself from other race leaders by steadfastly incorporating the struggle for gender equality within her efforts for black equality. By advocating and training black women for visible and increasing public leadership roles, she ensured an expanding role for African American women in the formal political realm. She believed this would automatically lead to advancement for the entire race, as black women then were more inclined than black men to use public positions for group advancement.

　　Bethune's exposure to strong, independent female role models allowed her to develop her unwavering belief in the primary responsibility of black women for sustaining the race. Her grandmother, mother, and female teachers demonstrated how black women who embraced “a larger appreciation for good citizenship, cleanliness, beauty, thoughtfulness” could lead African Americans as “the mothers of the race, the homemakers and spiritual guides.” Bethune believed African American women had an obligation to understand these responsibilities and use their status to fight for equality. She publicly endorsed the notion of women's higher moral capacity, recognized the important contribution women could make to racial uplift, and continually worked to expand women's roles toward that end. Bethune was a truly multifaceted and multidimensional race woman. She fought on a variety of levels and used multiple outlets—education, government, and women's associations—in her quest for a more just society. Some black women leaders before her gained more recognition than she achieved in her lifetime, but none before her, and few afterwards, were more effective in developing women's leadership for the cause of racial justice.

　　Despite her multiple political activities, Bethune has not been recognized as a black political leader. This is attributable in large part to the traditional definition of political activity used by many historians and political scientists: political activity encompasses the actions of individually elected officials and the workings of government. It also rests upon a conventionally accepted and gender-biased idea of a leader as a “spokesman”, and of politics as voting, electioneering, and office holding. This traditional research defines women's political participation as atypical, seeing women as inadequately socialized into the political process. It ties women's political activism to their social roles as wives and mothers. Women such as Bethune who entered the public arena and fought for substantive reform while remaining grounded in networks of kin, church, and community were left out of political history. As feminist historians have become more interested in political history, they have worked to redefine politics as any “activity [that] includes all community work which is oriented to change through multifaceted goals including service, support, public education and advocacy. Political orientation [is adapted] to changing the public agenda through planned and implemented actions.” Empowerment is an important part of women's politicization and begins when women “change their ideas about the causes of their powerlessness, when they recognize the systematic forces that oppress them, and when they act to change the conditions of their lives. Using this definition, black women who worked through voluntary associations and community organizations became political leaders because they brought particular issues to the attention of politicians and the public. They fought for equal opportunity for African American men and women at a time when America had neither the will nor the desire to make a commitment to racial or sexual equality. Bethune is one such woman who deserves recognition as a political leader based upon the depth and breadth of her political activities.

　　However, even the few historians who have given passing attention to Bethune's political accomplishments have misinterpreted the means, techniques, and actions she employed in pursuing equality. When examined individually, the choices she made throughout her lifetime often appear contradictory, unless we understand that Bethune had one foot in the nineteenth century and one in the twentieth. She was a transitional figure. Initially grounded in the nineteenth-century belief that advancement would come through changing individual behavior, Bethune in the twentieth century quickly recognized that inequality was deeply rooted in American institutions. She began to see that the focal point for African Americans should no longer be on changing individual attitudes and behaviors, but rather on changing social, economic, and political institutions that shaped collective opinions. She worked diligently to transform local community groups into political power bases and promoted the formation of a national coalition that would work to alter social, economic, and political institutions. In these efforts, she used two conceptually distinct levels of activism. In some instances,

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　　Bethune based her activism on informal political activities that were distinctly nonconfrontational and designed to quietly undermine racial and gender stereotypes. Yet, when dealing with egregious incidents involving institutional inequality, Bethune often engaged in overtly formal political action that publicly challenged the basic principles of the American democratic system. She astutely gauged her activism to fit the particular circumstances. And no matter which course Bethune decided to pursue, she sought a peaceful, yet political, means to achieve social, economic, and political justice.

　　Mary Jane McLeod Bethune was born on July 10, 1875, in Mayesville, South Carolina, the fifteenth of seventeen children born to Samuel and Patsy McLeod. She was educated at the local missionary school, then received scholarships from a Quaker dressmaker that enabled her to attend Scotia Seminary and Moody Bible Institute. Between 1895 and 1903, she taught at a number of small missionary schools throughout the South, including Haine's Institute in Augusta, Georgia. In 1898, she met and married Albertus Bethune and in 1899 gave birth to her only child, Albert McLeod Bethune. In 1904, she traveled to Daytona Beach, Florida, where she established the Daytona Educational and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls capitalized with her personal savings of $1.50. By 1912, the school offered a liberal arts high school curriculum and employed nine full- time teachers. In 1923, Daytona Institute merged with Cookman Institute, becoming the coeducational Bethune-Cookman College. Bethune-Cookman became the first fully accredited four-year college for blacks in Florida. Bethune served as its president until 1942. In addition to establishing and operating Daytona Institute, Bethune served in a variety of roles in a diverse array of commissions and organizations. She was recognized as an expert on black education and was an active member of the National Commission for Child Welfare under Presidents Coolidge and Hoover. She was also president of state, regional, and national women's clubs including the Florida State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, the Southeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, and the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACW). In 1927, she met Eleanor Roosevelt through her position as president of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs and by 1935 their growing friendship led to her appointment as director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration, the first federal office created for a black woman. In the same year, Bethune organized the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), an umbrella organization designed to give black women political visibility and access to political power on the national level. Bethune continued to serve African Americans through a federal appointment in 1942 as special assistant to the Secretary of War for Selection of Candidates for the first Officers Candidate School for WACS. In 1945, President Harry Truman named Bethune to his Civil Rights Commission and as the only African American woman consultant to the San Francisco Conference to draw up the charter for the United Nations.

　　During her lifetime, Bethune received numerous awards, eight honorary degrees, and held affiliations with at least seventy-five organizations, including the General Conference of the Methodist Church, the Women's Army for National Defense, National Commission on Christian Education, American Women's Volunteer Service, Southern Conference Education Fund, American Mother's Committee, Council of Church Women, Social Service Commission of the Methodist Church, Americans for Democratic Action, National Civil Liberties Union, First Daytona Beach Housing Authority, American Council on African Education, Inc., National Committee on Atomic Information, Good Neighbor Association, Daytona Beach, Florida, the International Longfellow Society, National Council of Women of the United States, vice president of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, a director of the Afro-American Life Insurance Company, and the vice president of the Central Life Insurance Company. She founded the Mary McLeod Bethune Foundation, and Bethune Beach, Inc. Bethune received honorary degrees from Wilberforce University, South Carolina State College, Lincoln University, Tuskegee University, Howard University, Bennett College, West Virginia State College, and Rollins College. She was rewarded for her service to the race and her commitment to American democracy by receiving the Spingarn Medal, the Thomas Jefferson Award, the First Annual Youth City Award, the Haitian Medal of Honor, and the Star of Africa. In addition to her service work, Bethune made many literary contributions, including one chapter in What the Negro Wants, one chapter in Spiritual Autobiography,a weekly column in the Chicago Defender and the Pittsburgh Courier, and numerous articles in magazines and periodicals including editorials for Afraamerican Woman and Women United, the official publications of the National Council of Negro Women. Journalist Ida Tarbell named her among the fifty women regarded as having done the most for the welfare of the United States. Bethune died on May 18, 1955.

　　确认是改动后的原文，考前我看过一遍的，只有两大段，1屏半左右吧，第一段主要介绍Benthune这个人，她做过什么事情，比如是leader of organizations, racial and religious 事业什么的，然后讲她不被认为是political feminist，因为该词定义是elected (有问题1)。第二段是现在一些historical scientists(有问题3) 之类的讲political feminist 重新定义了一下，重新定义成反正跟政治，社会活动之类的有关系就算了。后面忘了。。。

　　【问题】问题1 作者可能会同意哪种说法

　　我选的是原来的定义要求一个人是一个政党或组织的成员才算。不确定对不对，我把be elected这么理解了。

　　问题2 文章的主旨

　　我选的是跟define类似什么相关的

　　问题3 文章提到这些研究女权的历史学家的话的作用是什么

忘了选项了